Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Composição químico-bromatológica, digestibilidade e degradação in situ da dieta de ovinos em capim-tanzânia sob três frequências de desfolhação Chemical composition, digestibility and in situ degradation of sheep diet on Tanzania grass with three defoliation frequencies

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição químico-bromatológica, a digestibilidade e a degradação in situ da matéria seca da dieta consumida por ovinos em pastagem de Panicum maximum cv. tanzânia sob três frequências de desfolhação, determinadas pela interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (IRFA) de 85, 95 e 97% no 1º e 4º dias de pastejo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 2 (três frequências de desfolhação e dois dias de pastejo), com quatro repetições (piquetes) por tratamento. Para determinação da composição químico-bromatológica e da digestibilidade e ensaio de cinética de degradação da matéria seca da dieta, foi realizada uma simulação de pastejo no 1º e 4º dias de ocupação. A diminuição da frequência de desfolhação piorou a composição químico-bromatológica, a digestibilidade e a degradação do capim-tanzânia. Recomenda-se frequência de desfolhação no capim-tanzânia menor ou igual a 95% de interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa visando à manutenção da qualidade do pasto.The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, digestibility and in situ degradation of dry matter of the diet consumed by sheep grazing on Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania under three defoliation frequencies, determined by the interception of the photosynthetically active radiation in the canopy (PAR) of 85, 95 and 97% on the first and fourth days of the grazing period. A randomized complete design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (three defoliation frequencies and two days grazing), with four replications (poles). To determine the chemical composition, digestibility and an in situ dry matter degradation trial, a grazing simulation was carried out on the 1st and 4th days. Reduced defoliation frequency decreased the chemical composition, digestibility and in situ degradation of the diet. Thus defoliation frequency of tanzania grass is recommended of less or equal to 95% photosynthetically active radiation to maintain pasture quality

Biomass flow of the tanzânia grass under three defoliation frequencies and two post-grazing residues Fluxo de biomassa em capim-tanzânia sob três frequências de desfolhação e dois resíduos pós-pastejo

The biomass flow were evaluated in tanzania grass under two defoliations frequencies, consisting of three levels of photosynthetically active radiation interception (IRFA 85, 95 and 97%) and two post-grazing residues (residual leaf area index, IAFr, 1.0 and 1.8) in an entirely randomized design in a factorial arrangement 3x2, with four replicates. It had effect of photosynthetically active radiation interception and of residual leaf area index under foliate appearance tax (TAlF). There was effect of the interaction IRFA x IAFr under the relationship TAlF1/TAlF2. The steam allonge tax (TAlH) suffered effect only of photosynthetically active radiation interception. There was effect of photosynthetically active radiation interception and of IAFr under foliate senescence tax. The photosynthetically active radiation interception of 85% as well as residual leaf area index 1.8 obtained the great values of foliate appearance tax. The Phylochron suffered effect of the interaction IRFA x IAFr. For accumulation forages tax was effect only of the photosynthetically active radiation interception. There was an expressive increase of steam allonge tax along the grazing cycles. The use of moment of the tanzânia grass must not to exceed 95% of interception, being able to use a residual leaf area index of 1,0 and to promote greater losses of forage by senescence.<br>Foi avaliado o fluxo de biomassa do capim-tanzânia sob três frequências de desfolhações (85, 95 e 97% de intercepção da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, IRFA) e dois resíduos pós-pastejo (1,0 e 1,8 de índice de área foliar residual, IAF residual) num delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3x2, com quatro repetições (piquetes). Houve efeito da intercepção da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e do índice de área foliar residual residual sobre a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF). Houve efeito da interação IRFA x IAF residual sobre a relação TAlF1/TAlF2. A taxa de alongamento do colmo sofreu efeito apenas da interceptação. Houve efeito da interceptação e do índice de área foliar residual sobre taxa de senescência foliar total. O dossel com intercepção da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa de 85%, assim como o índice de área foliar residual residual 1,8 obtiveram os maiores valores para a taxa de aparecimento foliar. O filocrono sofreu efeito da interação IRFA x IAF residual. Para taxa de acúmulo de forragem, houve efeito apenas da interceptação. Houve um aumento expressivo da taxa de alongamento do colmo ao longo dos ciclos de pastejo. O momento de uso do capim-tanzânia não deve exceder a 95% de intercepção, e pode ser usado um índice de área foliar residual de 1,0 sem comprometer a perenidade da pastagem e sem promover maiores perdas de forragem por senescência

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Delayed colorectal cancer care during covid-19 pandemic (decor-19). Global perspective from an international survey

Background The widespread nature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been unprecedented. We sought to analyze its global impact with a survey on colorectal cancer (CRC) care during the pandemic. Methods The impact of COVID-19 on preoperative assessment, elective surgery, and postoperative management of CRC patients was explored by a 35-item survey, which was distributed worldwide to members of surgical societies with an interest in CRC care. Respondents were divided into two comparator groups: 1) ‘delay’ group: CRC care affected by the pandemic; 2) ‘no delay’ group: unaltered CRC practice. Results A total of 1,051 respondents from 84 countries completed the survey. No substantial differences in demographics were found between the ‘delay’ (745, 70.9%) and ‘no delay’ (306, 29.1%) groups. Suspension of multidisciplinary team meetings, staff members quarantined or relocated to COVID-19 units, units fully dedicated to COVID-19 care, personal protective equipment not readily available were factors significantly associated to delays in endoscopy, radiology, surgery, histopathology and prolonged chemoradiation therapy-to-surgery intervals. In the ‘delay’ group, 48.9% of respondents reported a change in the initial surgical plan and 26.3% reported a shift from elective to urgent operations. Recovery of CRC care was associated with the status of the outbreak. Practicing in COVID-free units, no change in operative slots and staff members not relocated to COVID-19 units were statistically associated with unaltered CRC care in the ‘no delay’ group, while the geographical distribution was not. Conclusions Global changes in diagnostic and therapeutic CRC practices were evident. Changes were associated with differences in health-care delivery systems, hospital’s preparedness, resources availability, and local COVID-19 prevalence rather than geographical factors. Strategic planning is required to optimize CRC care

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit