OPALS: A Flexible and Efficient Point Cloud Processing Software for Forest Application

FFG - Österr. Forschungsförderungs- gesellschaft mbH104246249

Vascular kinin B(1) and B(2) receptor-mediated effects in the rat isolated perfused kidney–differential regulations

1. Bradykinin (BK) and analogs acting preferentially at kinin B(1) or B(2) receptors were tested on the rat isolated perfused kidney. Kidneys were perfused in an open circuit with Tyrode's solution. Kidneys preconstricted with prostaglandin F(2α) were used for the analysis of vasodilator responses. 2. BK induced a concentration-dependent renal relaxation (pD(2)=8.9±0.4); this vasodilator response was reproduced by a selective B(2) receptor agonist, Tyr(Me)(8)-BK (pD(2)=9.0±0.1) with a higher maximum effect (E(max)=78.9±6.6 and 55.8±4.3% of ACh-induced relaxation respectively, n=6 and 19, P<0.02). Icatibant (10 nM), a selective B(2) receptor antagonist, abolished BK-elicited relaxation. Tachyphylaxis of kinin B(2) receptors appeared when repeatedly stimulated at 10 min intervals. 3. Des-Arg(9)-BK, a selective B(1) receptor agonist, induced concentration-dependent vasoconstriction at micromolar concentration. Maximum response was enhanced in the presence of lisinopril (1 μM) and inhibited by R 715 (8 μM), a selective B(1) receptor antagonist. Des-Arg(9)-[Leu(8)]-BK behaved as an agonist. 4. A contractile response to des-Arg(9)-BK occurred after 1 h of perfusion and increased with time by a factor of about three over a 3 h perfusion. This post-isolation sensitization to des-Arg(9)-BK was abolished by dexamethasone (DEX, 30 mg kg(−1) i.p., 3 h before the start of the experiment and 10 μM in perfusate) and actinomycin D (2 μM). Acute exposure to DEX (10 μM) had no effect on sensitized des-Arg(9)-BK response, in contrast to indomethacin (30 μM) that abolished it. DEX pretreatment however had no effect on BK-induced renal vasodilation. 5. Present results indicate that the main renal vascular response to BK consists of relaxation linked to the activation of kinin B(2) receptors which rapidly desensitize. Renal B(1) receptors are also present and are time-dependently sensitized during the in vitro perfusion of the rat kidneys