Micropenis

Micropenis refers to a normally structured penis, which is abnormally small, with a stretched length of less than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean of age or stage of sexual development. Patients with true micropenis usually have a 46,XY karyotype, associated to normally located male gonads, without any sign of other penile malformations. Penile length is measured from the point where the penis meets the pubic bone to the distal tip of the glans on maximal stretch, compressing any fat over suprapubic area. Differential diagnosis include buried penis (inability to adequately expose the penis, due to a severe phymosis associated to a decreased length of penile skin, which retain the shaft inside the preputial cavity), and obesity with excess fat pad over supra pubic area. The causes of congenital or true micropenis can be divided into three major groups: hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (pituitary/hypothalamic failure), hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (primary testicular failure) and idiopathic (associated with a functional hypothalamus–pituitary–testicular axis). Clinical treatment is based on testosterone therapy. Surgical treatment options are used after failed penile enlargement with testosterone therapy and include penile elongation, suprapubic fat pad aspiration and eventually neophaloplasty.Micropênis refere-se a um pênis normalmente formado, anormalmente pequeno, com um comprimento inferior a 2,5 desvios-padrão (DP) abaixo da média da idade ou do estágio de desenvolvimento sexual. Pacientes com micropênis verdadeiro geralmente apresentam cariótipo 46, XY, associado a gônadas masculinas normalmente localizadas, sem qualquer sinal de outras malformações penianas. O comprimento do pênis é medido a partir do ponto onde o pênis encontra o osso púbico até a ponta distal da glande no alongamento máximo, comprimindo qualquer gordura sobre a área suprapúbica. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui buried penis - penis embutido (incapacidade de expor adequadamente o pênis, devido a uma severa estomia associada à diminuição do comprimento da pele do pênis, que retém o eixo dentro da cavidade prepucial) e obesidade com excesso de gordura na região supra púbica. As causas do micropênis congênito ou verdadeiro podem ser divididas em três grandes grupos: hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico (falência hipofisária / hipotalâmica), hipogonadismo hipergonadotrófico (insuficiência testicular primária) e idiopático (associado a um eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-testicular funcional). O tratamento clínico é baseado na terapia com testosterona. As opções de tratamento cirúrgico são usadas após falha do aumento do pênis com terapia de testosterona e incluem alongamento do pênis, aspiração de gordura suprapúbica e, eventualmente, neofaloplastia

Prospective analysis of nephrectomy of following aesthetic modification of laparoscopic technique of trocarters aposition in pediatric population

Introdução: Já são bem estabelecidos os benefícios da nefrectomia total laparoscópica para a população pediátrica. A aposição dos trocateres segue a descrição clássica de Clayman: com exceção da cicatriz umbilical, os outros portais laparoscópicos ficam expostos no abdome. Com o avanço na habilidade laparoscópica e surgimento da cirurgia robótica em urologia pediátrica, ocorreu a introdução de uma nova distribuição de portais minimamente invasivos para a nefrectomia total, utilizada para obtenção de melhor aspecto cosmético final com cicatrizes localizadas em posição intraumbilical e hipogástrica, em área facilmente escondida pelas roupas íntimas. Objetivos: 1. Avaliar a segurança e eficácia da modificação da técnica visando melhor aspecto cosmético. 2. Comparar a nova técnica com casuística de nefrectomia laparoscópica clássica, para avaliação de desfechos de não inferioridade. Material e métodos: Vinte e um pacientes pediátricos com comprometimento renal unilateral e função relativa desse rim menor que 10 %, conforme avaliação pela cintilografia com DMSA, , foram submetidos a nefrectomia, a qual foi realizada por via laparoscópica com aposição estética dos trocateres, o primeiro deles em posição intraumbilical, o segundo em posição supra púbica e o terceiro em fossa ilíaca. A evolução intra e pós-operatória desses pacientes foi avaliada prospectivamente. Esse grupo de pacientes submetidos a laparoscopia estética foi comparado a um grupo equivalente de nefrectomia laparoscópica clássica, avaliando-se desfechos intra e pós-operatórios. Resultados: Não houve conversões para técnica clássica ou aberta nos pacientes analisados. O tempo médio de cirurgia foi de 83,15 minutos e o volume de sangramento médio foi de 65,5ml. Não houve complicações intraoperatórias e tampouco houve complicações acima de Clavien-Dindo II durante o seguimento pós-operatório de 6 semanas. Nenhuma das variáveis pré-operatórias analisadas teve significância estatística em termos de sangramento ou tempo cirúrgico. A avaliação multivariada entre os grupos clássico e estético não mostrou diferença de sangramento, embora o tempo cirúrgico tenha sido maior no grupo de nefrectomia clássica. Conclusões: A técnica de aposição estética dos portais em nefrectomia mostrouse segura, viável, reprodutível e não inferior ao posicionamento tradicional de portais. Esta técnica pode beneficiar os pacientes do ponto de vista cosméticoIntroduction: The benefits of laparoscopic total nephrectomy in pediatric patients are well established. Usual apposition of the trocars still follows Clayman\'s classic description: except for the umbilical scar, the other laparoscopic portals are exposed in the abdomen. With the advances in laparoscopic skills and the application of robotic surgery in pediatric urology, the development of a new distribution of minimally invasive ports for total nephrectomy was introduced, in order to obtain a better final cosmetic aspect with the scars located intraumbilically and in the hypogastric region, in an area easily hidden by underwear. Objectives: 1. evaluate safety and efficacy of the alternative technique in improving the cosmetic aspect. 2. Compare a new technique with the classic laparoscopic nephrectomy series to assess non-inferiority outcomes. Material and methods: Twenty one pediatric patients with unilateral renal damage and DMSA renal scan showing a relative function of less than 10%, were submitted to total nephrectomy with aesthetic apposition of the trocars, being one in the intraumbilical position, the second in the suprapubic position and the third in the iliac fossa. Their intra and post-operative evolution was recorded prospectively. This group of aesthetic nephrectomies was compared to an equivalent group of patients who underwent classic laparoscopic nephrectomy, by evaluating intra and postoperative outcomes. Results: There were no conversions to the classic or open techniques in the patients analyzed. The mean time of surgery was 83.15 minutes and the mean bleeding volume was 65.5 ml. There were no intraoperative complications and also no complications above Clavien-Dindo II during the 6-week follow-up. None of the preoperative variables analyzed had statistically significant differences in terms of bleeding or surgical time. The multivariate analysis between the classic and aesthetic groups did not show any difference in bleeding, although the surgical time was longer in the classic nephrectomy group. Conclusions: The technique of aesthetic apposition of ports in nephrectomy proved to be safe, viable, reproducible and not inferior to the traditional positioning of portals. This technique can benefit the patients\' final cosmetic resul

Diagnosis of neonatal group B Streptococcus sepsis by nested-PCR of residual urine samples Diagnóstico de sepse neonatal causada pelo estreptococo do grupo B por meio de dupla amplificação de amostras residuais de urina

Group B streptococcus (GBS) remains the most common cause of early-onset sepsis in newborns. Laboratory gold-standard, broth culture methods are highly specific, but lack sensitivity. The aim of this study was to validate a nested-PCR and to determine whether residue volumes of urine samples obtained by non invasive, non sterile methods could be used to confirm neonatal GBS sepsis. The nested-PCR was performed with primers of the major GBS surface antigen. Unavailability of biological samples to perform life supporting exams, as well as others to elucidate the etiology of infections is a frequent problem concerning newborn patients. Nevertheless, we decided to include cases according to strict criteria: newborns had to present with signs and symptoms compatible with GBS infection; at least one of the following biological samples had to be sent for culture: blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid; availability of residue volumes of the samples sent for cultures, or of others collected on the day of hospitalization, prior to antibiotic therapy prescription, to be analyzed by PCR; favorable outcome after GBS empiric treatment. In only one newborn GBS infection was confirmed by cultures, while infection was only presumptive in the other three patients (they fulfilled inclusion criteria but were GBS-culture negative). From a total of 12 biological samples (5 blood, 3 CSF and 4 urine specimen), eight were tested by culture methods (2/8 were positive), and 8 were tested by PCR (7/8 were positive), and only 4 samples were simultaneously tested by both methods (1 positive by culture and 3 by PCR). In conclusion, although based on a restricted number of neonates and samples, our results suggest that the proposed nested-PCR might be used to diagnose GBS sepsis as it has successfully amplified the three types of biological samples analyzed (blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid), and was more sensitive than culture methods as PCR in urine confirmed diagnosis in all four patients. Moreover, PCR has enabled us to use residue volumes of urine samples collected by non invasive, non sterile methods, what is technically adequate as GBS is not part of the normal urine flora, thus avoiding invasive procedures such as suprapubic bladder punction or transurethral catheterization. At the same time, the use of urine instead of blood samples could help preventing newborns blood spoliation.<br>O estreptococo do grupo B (GBS) constitui a causa mais freqüente de sepse neonatal precoce. O teste de referência continua sendo o isolamento em cultura, apesar de apresentar problemas de sensibilidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi validar uma técnica de dupla amplificação e determinar a possibilidade do uso de amostras residuais de urina colhidas por método não invasivo, não estéril, para a confirmação da sepse por GBS em recém-nascidos. As amostras foram amplificadas com primers do principal gene de superfície do GBS. A insuficiência de volume de material biológico para a realização de exames para suporte de vida, além de outros necessários à identificação do agente etiológico de infecções é muito freqüente em recém-nascidos. Mesmo assim, decidimos definir critérios bastante rigorosos para a inclusão de pacientes na casuística: os recém-nascidos deveriam apresentar sinais e sintomas compatíveis com infecção pelo GBS; deveriam ter tido ao menos uma amostra enviada para cultura, podendo ser sangue, urina ou líquor; disponibilidade de volumes residuais dessas amostras, ou de outras colhidas no dia da hospitalização, antes da introdução da antibioticoterapia, de forma a possibilitar a análise por PCR, e evolução favorável com a antibioticoterapia empírica. Em apenas um dos quatro recém-nascidos a infecção foi confirmada por cultura, enquanto nos outros três casos a infecção foi considerada presuntiva (pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão, mas o GBS não foi isolado). De um total de 12 amostras dos quatro pacientes (5 de sangue, 3 de líquor e 4 de urina), 8 foram testadas por cultura (2 foram positivas), 8 foram testadas por PCR (7 foram positivas), e apenas 4 pelos dois métodos simultaneamente (1 positiva por cultura e 3 por PCR). Concluímos que apesar do número restrito de pacientes e de amostras testadas, os resultados apresentados sugerem que a amplificação proposta poderia ser usada para o diagnóstico de sepse pelo GBS, uma vez que a amplificação foi possível nos três tipos de materiais biológicos testados (sangue, urina e líquor), e a PCR foi mais sensível que as culturas por ter conseguido confirmar a infecção na urina dos quatro pacientes, usando volumes residuais de amostras colhidas por método não invasivo, não estéril, o que é tecnicamente adequado uma vez que o GBS não faz parte da flora normal da urina, evitando procedimentos invasivos, tais como a punção supra-púbica da bexiga ou a cateterização transuretral. Ao mesmo tempo, o uso de urina em lugar de sangue ajuda a prevenir a espoliação sangüínea dos recém-nascidos

Retroperitoneoscopic pyelolithotomy: a good alternative treatment for renal pelvic calculi in children

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nephrolitiasis, once considered an adult disease, has become increasingly prevalent in children, with an increase from 6% to 10 % annually in past 25 years. Kidney stones in pediatric population can result from metabolic diseases in up to 50% of children affected. Other factors associated with litiasis are infection, dietary factors, and anatomic malformations of urinary tract. Standard treatment procedures for pediatric population are similar to adult population. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureterorenoscopy (URS), percutaneous nepfrolithotomy (PCNL), as well as laparoscopic and retroperitoneoscopic approaches can be indicated in selected cases. The advantages of laparoscopic or retroperitoneoscopic approaches are shorter mean operation time, no trauma of renal parenchyma, lower bleeding risk, and higher stone-free rates, especially in pelvic calculi with extrarenal pelvis, where the stone is removed intact. Patient and Methods: A 10 year-old girl presented with right abdominal flank pain, macroscopic hematuria, with previous history of urinary infections‥ Further investigation showed an 1,5 centimeter calculi in right kidney pelvis. A previous ureterorenoscopy was tried with no success, and a double J catheter was placed. After discussing options, a retroperitoneoscopic pielolithotomy was performed. Results: The procedure occurred with no complications, and the calculi was completely removed. The foley catheter was removed in first postoperative day and she was discharged 2 days after surgery. Double J stent was removed after 2 weeks. Conclusions: Retroperitoneoscopic pielolithotomy is a feasible and safe procedure in children, with same outcomes of the procedure for adult population

Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in children with Horseshoe Kidney

ABSTRACT Introduction Horseshoe kidney occurs in 1 per 400-800 live births and are more frequently observed in males (M:F 2:1). Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is commonly associated with horseshoe kidneys. The variable blood supply, presence of the isthmus and high insertion of the ureter contribute to this problem. Case report An asymptomatic 6 year-old boy presented with antenatal hydronephrosis. Ultrasonography and CT scan demonstrated left UPJO associated with a horseshoe kidney. DMSA showed 33% of function on the left side. DTPA showed a flat curve and lack of washout. A left dismembered laparoscopic pyeloplasty was performed after identification of crossing vessels and abnormal implantation of the ureter. After one year, the child is asymptomatic. DTPA demonstrated a good washout curve. Results Our cohort consisted of six patients, five males and one female, with a mean age of 6 years (range 6m-17 years) and a mean follow-up of 3 years. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction was more common on the left side. Symptoms appeared only in 34% of the cases. Mean operative time was 198 minutes (range 120-270 minutes). Crossing vessels were common (observed in 50% patients). High implantation of ureter was seen in 67% patients and intrinsic obstruction in 83%. Surgical difficulties were found in two cases. Hospital stay was 4.3 days (3 to 6 days), with only one patient having a mild complication (pyelonephritis). All cases had clinical and radiologic improvement. Conclusion Laparoscopic pyeloplasty is safe and feasible in children with UPJO in horseshoe kidneys, with good results and minimal morbidity

Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children: does upper urinary tract anomalies affect surgical outcomes?

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the feasibility and outcomes of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children with complex ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and compare to children with iso-lated UPJO without associated urinary tract abnormalities. Material and Methods Medical records of 82 consecutive children submitted to transperi-toneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in a 12-year period were reviewed. Eleven cases were con-sidered complex, consisting of atypical anatomy including horseshoe kidneys in 6 patients, pelvic kidneys in 3 patients, and a duplex collecting system in 2 patients. Patients were di-vided into 2 groups: normal anatomy (group 1) and complex cases (group 2). Demographics, perioperative data, outcomes and complications were recorded and analyzed. Results Mean age was 8.9 years (0.5-17.9) for group 1 and 5.9 years (0.5-17.2) for group 2, p=0.08. The median operative time was 200 minutes (180-230) for group 1 and 203 minutes (120-300) for group 2, p=0.15. Major complications (Clavien ≥3) were 4 (5.6%) in group 1 and 1 (6.3%) in group 2, p=0.52. No deaths or early postoperative complications such as: urinoma or urinary leakage or bleeding, occurred. The success rate for radiologic improvement and flank pain improvement was comparable between the two groups. Re-garding hydronephrosis, significant improvement was present in 62 patients (93.4%) of group 1 and 10 cases (90.9%) of group 2, p=0.99. The median hospital stay was 4 days (IQR 3-4) for group 1 and 4.8 days (IQR 3-6) for group 2, p=0.27. Conclusions Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty is feasible and effective for the management of UPJO associated with renal or urinary tract anomalies

Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children: does upper urinary tract anomalies affect surgical outcomes?

<div><p>ABSTRACT Objective To assess the feasibility and outcomes of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children with complex ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and compare to children with iso-lated UPJO without associated urinary tract abnormalities. Material and Methods Medical records of 82 consecutive children submitted to transperi-toneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in a 12-year period were reviewed. Eleven cases were con-sidered complex, consisting of atypical anatomy including horseshoe kidneys in 6 patients, pelvic kidneys in 3 patients, and a duplex collecting system in 2 patients. Patients were di-vided into 2 groups: normal anatomy (group 1) and complex cases (group 2). Demographics, perioperative data, outcomes and complications were recorded and analyzed. Results Mean age was 8.9 years (0.5-17.9) for group 1 and 5.9 years (0.5-17.2) for group 2, p=0.08. The median operative time was 200 minutes (180-230) for group 1 and 203 minutes (120-300) for group 2, p=0.15. Major complications (Clavien ≥3) were 4 (5.6%) in group 1 and 1 (6.3%) in group 2, p=0.52. No deaths or early postoperative complications such as: urinoma or urinary leakage or bleeding, occurred. The success rate for radiologic improvement and flank pain improvement was comparable between the two groups. Re-garding hydronephrosis, significant improvement was present in 62 patients (93.4%) of group 1 and 10 cases (90.9%) of group 2, p=0.99. The median hospital stay was 4 days (IQR 3-4) for group 1 and 4.8 days (IQR 3-6) for group 2, p=0.27. Conclusions Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty is feasible and effective for the management of UPJO associated with renal or urinary tract anomalies.</p></div