APROVECHAMIENTO DE SUBPRODUCTOS DE CULTIVOS DE HIGO CHUMBO (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Y AGUACATE (Persea americana)

Tesis por compendio[ES] La industria agro-alimentaria se encuentra en constante evolución, adaptándose a las demandas de los consumidores. Un claro ejemplo es el de la industria frutícola, que ha partido de los productos mínimamente procesados, hacia procesos mucho más complejos como las destilaciones, requiriendo mayores cantidades de materias primas. Estos procesos conllevan a la generación de millones de toneladas de residuos frutícolas al año, produciendo en muchos de los casos grandes problemas con impactos medioambientales. No obstante, la riqueza organoléptica y de compuestos nutraceúticos en estos residuos hacen posible su revalorización, haciendo de manera sostenible un cambio sustancial en el impacto negativo medioambiental y generando nuevos productos con repercusiones económicas. En este contexto, la presente tesis doctoral explora las características nutricionales, sensoriales y nutraceúticas de dos especies frutícolas (Persea americana y Opuntia spp.) y sus subproductos, con la finalidad de generar una caracterización integral y un aprovechamiento de los residuos generados por los cultivos de ambos frutos en las industrias alimentarias (pieles y semillas), así como de especies de Opuntia no utilizadas comercialmente. Esta exploración ha sido posible usando diferentes técnicas analítica, bioquímicas y microbiológicas para llevar a cabo la detección de las posibles alternativas de uso. Como resultado a las potenciales propiedades de los frutos de aguacates y de los higos chumbos, se decidió realizar una caracterización nutricional de los principales macronutrientes, y debido a la poca información encontrada en Opuntia spp., se realizó la caracterización lipídica, de los azúcares y ácidos orgánicos de los frutos. Posteriormente se evaluaron las propiedades nutraceúticas, por un lado se evaluaron espectrofotométricamente los compuestos bioactivos de ambos subproductos frutícolas mediante distintas técnicas como Folin-Ciocalteu para la determinación de polifenoles totales, Al3Cl3 para determinación de flavonoides totales, y poder reductor, ABTS, DPPH, TBARS y ß-caroteno para la determinación de capacidad antioxidante hidrofílica e lipofílica de los extractos, además, en Opuntia spp. se analizó el contenido de los colorantes betaxantinas y betacianinas. Por otro lado, mediante el uso de técnicas cromatográficas HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, se caracterizaron los perfiles polifenólicos (ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides) de ambos subproductos frutícolas, más los perfiles betalainicos de las muestras de higos chumbos. Por último, mediante técnicas microbiológicas y ensayos citotoxicológicos, se comprobó el poder antimicrobiano, antitumoral y hepatotóxico, con ayuda de 16 cepas bacterianas, y fúngicas, 4 líneas celulares tumorales y 1 línea celular sana obtenida a partir de hígado de cerdo, denominada PLP2. Finalmente, se ha realizado un ensayo de optimización multivariable de extracción de los compuestos bioactivos de Opuntia spp. mediante extracciones asistidas por microondas y ultrasonidos, haciendo uso de un diseño experimental estadístico empleando las herramientas de metodología de respuesta de superficie acopladas a un diseño central compuesto 2^4 con 7 puntos centrales, para la obtención de modelizaciones graficas de los parámetros de respuesta, que ayudan a identificar las condiciones óptimas de los factores de extracción empleados. En definitiva, estos análisis suponen la obtención de información relevante sobre la extracción de compuestos bioactivos con aplicaciones nutraceúticas y colorantes, que pueden ser añadidos a una amplia gama de productos de las industrias farmacéuticas, cosméticas y alimentarias, para reforzar o mejorar las características y funcionalidades de estos.[CA] La indústria agroalimentària es troba en constant evolució, adaptant-se a les demandes dels consumidors. Un clar exemple és el de la indústria fructícola, que ha partit dels productes mínimament processats, cap a processos molt més complexos com les destil¿lacions, requerint majors quantitats de matèries primeres. Aquests processos comporten la generació de milions de tones de residus fructícoles a l'any, produint en molts dels casos grans problemes amb impacte mediambientals. No obstant això, la riquesa nutracèutica i organolèptica d'aquests residus fan possible la seua revaloració, fent de manera sostenible un canvi substancial en l'impacte negatiu mediambiental i generant nous productes amb repercussions econòmiques. En aquest context, la present tesi doctoral explora les característiques nutricionals, sensorials i nutracèutiques de dues espècies fructícoles (Persea americana i Opuntia spp.) i els seus subproductes, amb la finalitat generar una caracterització integral i un aprofitament dels residus generats pels cultius de tots dos fruits en les indústries alimentàries (pells i llavors), així com de les espècies d'Opuntia no utilitzades comercialment. Aquesta exploració ha estat possible usant diferents tècniques analítiques, bioquímiques i microbiològiques per a dur a terme la detecció de les possibles alternatives d'ús. A causa de les potencials propietats dels fruits d'alvocats i de les figues paleres, es va decidir realitzar una caracterització nutricional dels principals macronutrients, i a causa de la poca informació trobada en Opuntia spp., es va realitzar la caracterització lipídica, dels sucres i àcids orgànics dels fruits. Posteriorment es van avaluar les propietats nutracèutiques, d'una banda es van avaluar espectrofotomètricament els compostos bioactius de tots dos fruits mitjançant diferents tècniques com Folin-Ciocalteu per a la determinació de polifenols totals, Al3Cl3 per a la determinació de flavonoides totals, i poder reductor, ABTS, DPPH, TBARS i ß-caroteno per a la determinació de capacitat antioxidant hidrofílica i lipofílica dels extractes. A més, en Opuntia spp. es va analitzar el contingut dels colorants betaxantines i betacianines. D'altra banda, mitjançant l'ús de tècniques cromatogràfiques HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS / MS, es van caracteritzar els perfils polifenòlics (àcids fenòlics i flavonoides) de tots dos fruits, més els perfils betalainics de les mostres de figues de moro. Finalment, mitjançant tècniques microbiològiques i assajos citotoxicològics, es va comprovar el poder antimicrobià, antitumoral i hepatotòxic, amb ajuda de 8 ceps bacterians, 8 ceps fúngics, 4 línies cel·lulars tumorals i 1 línia cel·lular sana obtinguda a partir de fetge de porc, anomenada PLP2 . Finalment, s'ha realitzat un assaig d'optimització multivariable d'extracció dels compostos bioactius d'Opuntia spp. mitjançant extraccions assistides per microones i ultrasons, fent ús d'un disseny experimental estadístic emprant les eines de metodologia de resposta de superfície acoplades a un disseny central compost 2 ^ 4 amb 7 punts centrals, per a l'obtenció de modelitzacions gràfiques dels paràmetres de resposta, que ajuden a identificar les condicions òptimes dels factors d'extracció empleats. En definitiva, aquestes anàlisis suposen l'obtenció d'informació rellevant sobre l'obtenció de compostos bioactius amb aplicacions nutracèutiques i colorants, que poden ser afegits a una àmplia gamma de productes de les indústries farmacèutiques, cosmètiques i alimentàries, per reforçar o millorar les característiques i funcionalitats d'aquests.[EN] Agro-alimentary industries are constantly evolving and adapting to their customer needs, for instance, in the fruit industry, the transition between minimum processed products to more complex process such as distillation has been occurring and increasing, thus, demanding higher volumes of raw materials. All this process and operations lead to millions of tons of fruit by-products generated every year, creating deep environmental issues with high impact most of the times. Nevertheless, revalorization of the by-products it possible due to the nutraceutical and organoleptic characteristics, which brings potential benefits in both, environmental protection and positive economic repercussion in a sustainable manner. According to the previously mentioned background, this doctoral thesis focus on the nutrimental, organoleptic and nutraceutical characteristics of two different fruits (Persea americana and Opuntia spp.) and their by-products, aiming to develop an integral characterization and revalorization of the by-product produced in the food industries (seeds and peels) from both cultivars. Likewise, the exploitation of non-commercial Opuntia species. The whole exploration was possible due to the use of analytic, biochemical and microbiological techniques, which allowed us to elucidate possible alternatives of usage. As a result of avocado and prickly pears potential functional properties, a nutritional characterization from the principal macronutrients was performed, additionally, due to the lack of information on Opuntia spp., lipid, sugar and organic acids profiling were also analysed on the edible fruits. Afterwards, nutraceutical properties were assessed, on one hand, bioactive compounds from both fruits by-products were spectrophotometric analysed through different procedures such as, total phenolic profile by Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoid content through Al3Cl3 methodology and hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity of the extracts via reducing power, ABTS, DPPH, TBARS and ß-carotene bleaching assays, besides, betaxhantins and betacyanins pigments quantification from Opuntia spp. was also performed. In the other hand, polyphenolic (phenolic acids and flavonoids) profiling in both fruit by-products was performed throughout chromatographic techniques such as HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, in the same manner, betalainic profile was also analysed on prickly pears. Lastly, applying microbiological techniques and cytotoxic assays, hepatotoxicity, antimicrobial and antitumor activity was tested using a freshly porcine liver extracted cell line (namely PLP2), 16 bacterial and fungus strains and 4 carcinogenic cell lines respectively. Finally, multivariable ultrasound and microwave-assisted extractions of Opuntia spp. bioactive compounds were optimized, performing an experimental design using statistical tools such as response surface methodology (RSM) coupled to 2^4 central composite design (CCD) with 7 star points, in order to obtain graph modelling of the response parameters, which help to identify the optimal conditions of the extraction factors used. Summarizing, relevant information on the extraction of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical and colouring applications was achieved through specific analysis, thus, the previously mention phytochemical molecules can then be added to a wide range of products within the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, to strengthen or improve the characteristics and functionalities of the final products.Melgar Castañeda, B. (2019). APROVECHAMIENTO DE SUBPRODUCTOS DE CULTIVOS DE HIGO CHUMBO (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Y AGUACATE (Persea americana) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/121145TESISCompendi

Response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling as predictive tools for phenolic compounds recovery from olive pomace

This study optimized the extraction of three major phenolic compounds (oleuropein, tyrosol, and verbascoside) from olive pomace using microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted methods. Screening factorial design (SFD) and central composite design (CCD) were employed, and response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used for data modeling. The microwave-assisted method in the SFD yielded higher compound amounts, with verbascoside showing a four-fold increase compared to the ultrasonic-assisted method. Factors like vessel diameter, ultrasonic power using UAE, and solvent acidity in both techniques had minimally impacted extractability. CCD-RSM revealed temperaturés significantly affect on oleuropein, but improved tyrosol recovery, with the effect on verbascoside being influenced by the temperature range. RSM and ANN integration enhanced understanding and prediction of factor behavior. Microwave-assisted extraction at 113 ◦C for 26 min, with minimum ramp time of 7.7 min, yielded 67.4, 57, and 5.1 mg of oleuropein, tyrosol, and verbascoside per gram of extract, respectively, with a prediction error ranging from 0.83 to 15.19.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020), SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2020), L. Barros institutional contract, and Ana Rita Silva Doctoral Grant (SFRH/BD/145834/2019). To the ERDF through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of the project OliveBIOextract (NORTE-01-0247- FEDER-049865). B. Melgar thanks the ERDF through the Regional Operational Program North 2020 for his contract within the Project OleaChain (NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000188). To MICINN for supporting the JDC contract of T. Oludemi (FJC2019-042549-I). Manuel Ayuso thanks PRIMA and FEDER-Interreg Espana- Portugal programme for financial support through the Local-NutLeg project (Section 1 2020 Agrofood Value Chain topic 1.3.1info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sequential steps of the incorporation of bioactive plant extracts from wild Italian Plantago coronopus L. and Cichorium intybus L. leaves in fresh egg pasta

The application of bioactive extracts from Cichorium intybus L. and Plantago coronopus L. species were incorporated as a functional ingredient in fresh egg pasta (Fettuccine). In that sense, a pasta making procedure was accessed using different concentrations of the plant extracts (0.25–0.63 mg/g), drying times (20–420 min) and drying temperatures (40–90 ◦C; only for P. coronopus enriched pasta), to screen an optimal factor selection in the pasta making procedure and to enhance the bioactive properties of the final product. In the chemical characterisation of the plant extracts, twenty-five phenolic compounds were tentatively identified (twenty compounds belonging to phenolic acid and phenylpropanoid classes and five belonging to the flavonoid sub-class) and a strong synergy between the plant extract concentration and the drying time was showed. The analysed antioxidant properties were enhanced by the phenolic compounds of the extracts and a new functional food with higher bioactive quality was developed.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2020); the national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract for L. Barros, and C. Pereira contracts and for B. Melgar (NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000188) contracts through the individual program-contract. This work is supported by: European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/POCI–Operacional Competitiveness and Internationalization Programme, under Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 006958 and National Funds by FCT – Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Phenolic compounds from irradiated olive wastes: optimization of the heat-assisted extraction using response surface methodology

Olive pomace, an environmentally detrimental residue generated during olive oil extraction, contains bioactive compounds in demand by the food industry. To valorize this waste product a suitable yield for the extraction process is required. Heat-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from olive pomace was optimized by a circumscribed central composite design and response surface methodology. Our previous studies indicated that irradiation could improve 2.4-fold the extractability of the main phenolic compounds from olive pomace. The effect of extraction time, temperature and solvent concentration on the yield of polyphenols from irradiated olive pomace at 5 kGy was tested. Hydroxytyrosol-1- -glucoside, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and caffeic acid were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography to calculate the total polyphenol content. The optimal general conditions by RSM modeling were extraction time of 120 min, temperature of 85 C, and 76% of ethanol in water. Using these selected conditions, 19.04 1.50 mg/g dry weight, 148.88 8.73 mg/g extract of total polyphenols were obtained, representing a yield of 13.7%, which was consistent with the value predicted by the model. This work demonstrated the potential of residues from the olive oil industry as a suitable alternative to obtain compounds that could be used as ingredients for the food industry.This work was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES to C2TN (UIDB/04349/2020), CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020), J.M. (SFRH/BD/136506/2018); L.B. thank the national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract; and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of Project OliveBIOextract (NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-049865). The GIP-USAL is funded by the Strategic Research Programs for Units of Excellence (ref CLU-2018-04) and Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León (Project SA093P20).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pollution prevention and wastewater treatment in fish canning industries of Northern Portugal

The main environmental problems of fish canning industries are high water consumption and high organic matter, oil and grease and salt content in their wastewaters. This work aims to analyze the situation (water consumption, wastewater production, wastewater characterization, etc.) of different plants located north of Douro river, in Portugal, in order to propose various solutions to their problems. Thus, initially it was made an identification and implementation of prevent and control pollution measures within the industrial units in order to reduce water consumption, minimize the wastewater production and reduce the pollutant load to treat. Then, the evaluation of wastewater treatability was started through a sedimentation and coagulation-flocculation process, with two organic coagulants (RIPOL 070 and RIFLOC 1815), commonly used in wastewater treatment. Sedimentation experiments showed that the flotation of 54% of oils and greases occurred, and 36% of total suspended solids were removed. The coagulation-flocculation process gave good results, especially in terms of oil and grease and total suspended solids removal. The best suspended solids removal efficiencies were 53% and 79%, using 400 mg/L of RIPOL 070 and 150 mg/L of RIFLOC 1815, respectively. At these dosages, both coagulants demonstrated excellent oil and grease removals, about 99% for RIFLOC 1815 and 88% for RIPOL 070info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

By-product recovery of Opuntia spp. peels: Betalainic and phenolic profiles and bioactive properties

[EN] Opuntia spp. are a tropical and subtropical plant that provides both edible green steams and fruits; however, the processing of this fruits results in the accumulation of enormous amount of by-products that can be a source of bioactive and pigmented compounds. Herein, three cactus pear from the species Opuntia focus-indica var. sanguigna (OS) and gialla (OG) and Opuntia engelmannii (OE) were fully characterized regarding their phenolic and betalain composition and correlated with their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The hydroethanolic extracts of OE gave the highest amount of phenolic compounds isorhamentin-O-(deoxyhexosyl-hexoside) and betacianins (betanin); however, no betaxanthins were identified in this sample. This sample also revealed the lowest EC50 values in all the antioxidant activity assays. Regarding antimicrobial activity, the hydroethanolic extracts of all species revealed to be more active than ampicillin. The pivotal objective of this work was to focus on exploring by-product biocompounds and possible outputs, thus, we could suggest the use of these natural colorants with intrinsic antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, which would grant industries to produce cleaner label products with functional benefits.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2013) and L. Barros contract. This work is funded by the European Structural and Investment Funds (FEEI) through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of Project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-023289 (DeCodE) and ValorNatural (R). B. Melgar (No. 329930) also thanks CONACyT for his grant. The authors are grateful for a grant from the Serbian Ministry of Education, Sciences and Technological Development (no. 173032). The authors would also like to thank Dr. Carlos Aguiar for the botanical identification of these species.Melgar-Castañeda, B.; Dias, MI.; Ciric, A.; Sokovic, M.; Garcia-Castello, EM.; Rodríguez López, AD.; Barros, L.... (2017). By-product recovery of Opuntia spp. peels: Betalainic and phenolic profiles and bioactive properties. Industrial Crops and Products. 107:353-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.06.011S35335910

1st Natural products application: health, cosmetic and food: book of abstracts

The Mountain Research Center is one of the research groups working within the Polytechnic Institute of Braganza, in Braganza Portugal. Since the foundation of this center in 2003, more than a thousand research items have been published throughout more than 40 international public funding’s, allowing the center to interact internationally with many research groups from the academy and also with the private sector. In all these years, we have had the commitment of disseminating science around the world, creating solid and robust bonds and partnerships with both, academia and industrial innovator, and we are always looking for more challenging collaborations. In this sense, the mountain research center gathers di erent ways to keep evolving our main mission of Science dissemination. In the present moment, where we all are involved in ghting against the current problem the world is facing, we have decided to join the scienti c community adopting the available resources in order to keep the owing communication of our works. Therefore, one of our responses was the creation of the rst edition of the Natural Product Applications Online Congress, which focuses on the dissemination of works involved in the cosmetic, food, and health industries. Thanks to all of you in less than a month the congress reached more than 450 registration from universities and important companies from di erent parts of the world. The NPA congress received and processed more than 200 communications, from which the scienti c committee has selected and referred each of them to their appropriate type for communication considering the limited time we will have ahead. All the submitted works were divided into three main categories, Oral, Pitch, and Poster communications which add them up to our 9 Keynote lectures, and one special oral communication. We could not thank you more for your participations, and we hope to see you next year on the second edition of the Natural Product Applications Congress.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Development of natural hypocholesterolemic agents: application in cottage cheese

This work aimed at exploiting mushroom bioresidues, namely Agaricus bisporus L. to obtain mycosterols and develop hypocholesterolemic functional foods. Mycosterols enriched extracts were obtained by ultrasound assisted extraction, characterized in terms of mycosterols through HPLC-UV, evaluated for their toxicity in non-tumor cells (PLP2) and hypocholesterolemic capacity using a CaCo2 cell line. After incorporation of the active dose in cottage cheeses, and to evaluate the incorporation effects and the bioactivity maintenance, the nutritional value of the developed cheeses was evaluated, as also the physical parameters, and the microbial load over a shelf life of 9 days. The color of the cheeses incorporated with the extract was the brownest compared to the other two samples (cottage cheese with ergosterol and control cottage cheese). Palmitic was the prevalent fatty acid, followed by oleic and capric acid, being the saturated fatty acids the major ones. Lactose and glucose were the two found soluble sugars; being glucose observed only in cheese incorporated with A. bisporus. Also, the incorporations did not cause any significant alterations to the normal flora found in the cottage cheese.The cheese with pure ergosterol and the cheese incorporated with A. bisporus extract reduced cholesterol absorption by 21.1%, and 30.24%, respectively, thus validating thehypocholesterolemic potential of mycosterols while promotin sustainability through the use of food waste/by-products.Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and F.A. Fernandes PhD grant ((SFRH/BD/145467/2019). L. Barros and C. Calhelha also thank the national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract for their contracts and, M. Carocho and S.A. Heleno to the national funding by FCT, P.I., through the individual scientific employment program-contracts. European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of Project Mobilizador Norte-01-0247-FEDER-024479: ValorNatural®.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Eggplant fruit (Solanum melongena l.) and bio-residues as a source of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and food colorants, using innovative food technologies

Consumers are very concerned with following a healthy diet, along with some precautions that may influence environmental impact. Solanum melongena L. is one of the most consumed vegetables due to its excellent nutritional value and antioxidant action. Associated with its high consumption, considerable amounts of agro†food wastes are produced. This work targets the valorization of this matrix, through the use of its bio†residues to study the obtention of coloring pigments, applying innovative technologies. Its nutritional value, chemical composition, and bioactive potential were evaluated, and the ultrasound†assisted extraction to obtain coloring pigments of high industrial interest was optimized. Considering the results, low contents of fat and carbohydrates and energy value were evident, as well as the presence of compounds of interest (free sugars, organic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic acids). In addition, the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential was detected. Response surface methodology was performed to optimize the extraction of natural pigments, showing a concentration of 11.9 mg/g of anthocyanins/g of extract, applying optimal conditions of time, solvent, and solid/liquid ratio of 0.5 min, 68.2% (v/v) and 5 g/L, respectively. S. melongena proved to be a good source of bioactive compounds and natural pigments, which can generate great interest in the food industry.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under Program PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2020); this work was also funded by ERDF through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of project “Mobilizador” Norte-01-0247-FEDER024479: ValorNatural®. The authors are also grateful to Interreg España-Portugal for financial support through the project 0377_Iberphenol_6_E and TRANSCoLAB 0612_TRANS_CO_LAB_2_P; to Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia. The authors are grateful to the national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract for L. Barros and R. Calhelha’s contract; C. Pereira’s contract though the celebration of program-contract foreseen in No. 4, 5, and 6 of article 23 of Decree-Law No. 57/2016, of 29 August, amended by Law No. 57/2017, of 19 July.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Extraction of Opuntia Fruit Peels Biocompounds: Optimization and Comparison Using RSM-CCD

[EN] Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive compounds, peels from Opuntia engelmannii cultivar (cv.) Valencia were optimized by response surface methodology. Randomized extraction runs were performed for each of the technologies employed in order to build effective models with maximum (bioactive molecules content and yield) and minimum (antioxidant activity) responses. A 5-level, 4-factor central composite design was used to obtain target responses as a function of extraction time (t), solid to liquid ratio (S/L), methanol concentration (metOH), and temperature (T). Specific response optimization for each technology was analyzed, discussed, and general optimization from all the responses together was also gather. The optimum values for each factor were: t = 2.5 and 1.4 min, S/L = 5 and 5 g/L, metOH = 34.6 and 0% of methanol and T = 30 and 36.6 °C, achieving maximum responses of 201.6 and 132.9 mg of betalains/g, 13.9 and 8.0 mg of phenolic acids/g, 2.4 and 1.5 mg of flavonoids/g, 71.8% and 79.1% of extractable solid and IC50 values for the antioxidant activity of 2.9 and 3.6, for UAE and MAE, respectively. The present study suggested UAE as the best extraction system, in order to maximize recovery of bioactive compounds with a high antioxidant activity.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programmer PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2019) and L. Barros and M.I. Dias also thank the national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract. The authors are grateful to CONACyT for supporting B. Melgar with his doctoral grant (No. 329930). The authors specially thanks to Maria Luisa Ruiz and the "Laboratorio Agroalimentario de la Comunitat Valenciana" for allow the use of the microwave for the extractions. This work is also funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of Project Mobilizador Norte-01-0247-FEDER-024479: ValorNatural(R)Melgar-Castañeda, B.; Dias, MI.; Barros, L.; Ferreira, IC.; Rodríguez López, AD.; Garcia-Castello, EM. (2019). Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Extraction of Opuntia Fruit Peels Biocompounds: Optimization and Comparison Using RSM-CCD. 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