82 research outputs found

    The Satiety Signaling Neuropeptide Perisulfakinin Inhibits the Activity of Central Neurons Promoting General Activity

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    The metabolic state is one of the determinants of the general activity level. Satiety is related to resting or sleep whereas hunger correlates to wakefulness and activity. The counterpart to the mammalian satiety signal cholecystokinin (CCK) in insects are the sulfakinins. The aim of this study was to resolve the mechanism by which the antifeedant activity of perisulfakinin (PSK) in Periplaneta americana is mediated. We identified the sources of PSK which is used both as hormone and as paracrine messenger. PSK is found in the neurohemal organ of the brain and in nerve endings throughout the central nervous system. To correlate the distributions of PSK and its receptor (PSKR), we cloned the gene coding for PSKR and provide evidence for its expression within the nervous system. It occurs only in a few neurons, among them are the dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons which release octopamine thereby regulating the general level of activity. Application of PSK to DUM neurons attenuated the spiking frequency (EC50=11pM) due to reduction of a pacemaker Ca2+ current through cAMP-inhibited pTRPÎł channels. PSK increased the intracellular cAMP level while decreasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in DUM neurons. Thus, the satiety signal conferred by PSK acts antagonistically to the hunger signal, provided by the adipokinetic hormone (AKH): PSK depresses the electrical activity of DUM neurons by inhibiting the pTRPÎł channel that is activated by AKH under conditions of food shortage

    Interakcje między neurotoksynami na poziomie ukƂadu nerwowego owadów

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    Interakcje między pyretroidami i karbaminianem oraz toksyną ATX II z jadu anemona morskiego Anemonia sulcata byƂy badane z uĆŒyciem metody pojedynczej i podwĂłjnej przegrody olejowej. Obserwowano czynnoƛć bioelektryczną synaps w ostatnim zwoju odwƂokowym oraz izolowanego aksonu olbrzymiego z ukƂadu nerwowego karaczana Periplaneta americana. Wykazano: (1) synergizm między permetryną (pyretroidem I typu) i propoksurem (karbaminianem), (2) przyspieszenie dziaƂania deltametryny (pyretroidem II typu) w obecnoƛci toksyny ATX II oraz brak wpƂywu toksyny na efektywnoƛć permetryny.Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Ɓódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Ɓódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 dofinansowane zostaƂo ze ƛrodkĂłw MNiSW w ramach dziaƂalnoƛci upowszechniającej naukę

    Synergy between Repellents and Organophosphates on Bed Nets: Efficacy and Behavioural Response of Natural Free-Flying An. gambiae Mosquitoes

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    Background: Chemicals are used on bed nets in order to prevent infected bites and to kill aggressive malaria vectors. Because pyrethroid resistance has become widespread in the main malaria vectors, research for alternative active ingredients becomes urgent. Mixing a repellent and a non-pyrethroid insecticide seemed to be a promising tool as mixtures in the laboratory showed the same features as pyrethroids. Methodology/Principal Findings: We present here the results of two trials run against free-flying Anopheles gambiae populations comparing the effects of two insect repellents (either DEET or KBR 3023, also known as icaridin) and an organophosphate insecticide at low-doses (pirimiphos-methyl, PM) used alone and in combination on bed nets. We showed that mixtures of PM and the repellents induced higher exophily, blood feeding inhibition and mortality among wild susceptible and resistant malaria vectors than compounds used alone. Nevertheless the synergistic interactions are only involved in the high mortality induced by the two mixtures. Conclusion: These field trials argue in favour of the strategy of mixing repellent and organophosphate on bed nets to better control resistant malaria vectors

    Evidence for inhibition of cholinesterases in insect and mammalian nervous systems by the insect repellent deet

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) remains the gold standard for insect repellents. About 200 million people use it every year and over 8 billion doses have been applied over the past 50 years. Despite the widespread and increased interest in the use of deet in public health programmes, controversies remain concerning both the identification of its target sites at the olfactory system and its mechanism of toxicity in insects, mammals and humans. Here, we investigated the molecular target site for deet and the consequences of its interactions with carbamate insecticides on the cholinergic system.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By using toxicological, biochemical and electrophysiological techniques, we show that deet is not simply a behaviour-modifying chemical but that it also inhibits cholinesterase activity, in both insect and mammalian neuronal preparations. Deet is commonly used in combination with insecticides and we show that deet has the capacity to strengthen the toxicity of carbamates, a class of insecticides known to block acetylcholinesterase.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings question the safety of deet, particularly in combination with other chemicals, and they highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the development of safer insect repellents for use in public health.</p

    L'association virus/insecticide: Virus d'insecte comme agents synergisants des insecticides dans la lutte anti-vectorielle

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    National audienceRĂ©cemment, il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ© que l’infection des cellules d’insectes par des virus spĂ©cifiques d’insectes (ex. baculovirus, densovirus) est associĂ©e Ă  une Ă©lĂ©vation du calcium intracellulaire. D’oĂč l’idĂ©e d’utiliser un agent synergisant (de type baculovirus ou densovirus), capable de provoquer cette augmentation, pour potentialiser l’effet d’un insecticide Ă  des doses plus faibles que lorsqu’il est utilisĂ© seul. Parmi les insecticides dignes d’intĂ©rĂȘt , les nĂ©onicotinoĂŻdes (en particulier, le thiaclopride) prĂ©sentent, en lutte anti-vectorielle, plusieurs avantages. Ils ne sont pas encore utilisĂ©s directement sur les moustiques et ils prĂ©sentent un profil Ă©cotoxicologique acceptable

    Editorial: Insecticide mode of action: from insect to mammalian toxicity

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    Caractérisation des propriétés électrophysiologiques et des régulations intracellulaires d'un courant entrant maintenu Na+/Ca2+, à bas seuil d'activation, impliqué dans la modulation de l'activité électrique spontanée des dorsal unpaired median neurones de la blatte Periplaneta americana

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    Les propriétés électrophysiologiques et les mécanismes de régulation intracellulaires d'un canal ionique générant un courant entrant maintenu à bas seuil d'activation, porté par les ions sodium et calcium, ont été étudiés par la technique électrophysiologique du patch-clamp en configuration cellule entiÚre et par des marquages immunocytochimiques. Ce courant a été caractérisé sur les corps cellulaires de neurones à activité spontanée, identifiés comme étant les dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurones isolés du dernier ganglion abdominal de la blatte Periplaneta americana. Le courant maintenu Na+/Ca2+ est bien distinct, par ses propriétés électrophysiologiques et pharmacologiques, du courant sodium transitoire et des deux courants calcium à bas seuil d'activation, préalablement décrits sur cette préparation. L'amplitude de ce courant dépend de deux systÚmes complexes de régulation intracellulaires. Le premier implique une protéine kinase de type A cytosolique (PKAC), une protéine phosphatase de type 2B (ou calcineurine) et une protéine appelée DARPP-32. Le second systÚme implique une protéine d'ancrage multienzymatique, nommée AKAP79, qui fixe deux protéines kinases, une PKA ancrée (PKAA) et une PKC insensible au calcium. La participation de la calcineurine dans ce systÚme de régulation est également suspectée. L'application d'octopamine sur les corps cellulaires isolés des DUM neurones augmente la concentration en AMPc intracellulaire et induit la libération et l'activation de la PKAA. Cette protéine kinase phosphoryle la DARPP-32 qui provoque une diminution du courant maintenu Na+/Ca2+ via une inhibition d'une protéine phosphatase de type 1/2A. La PKC, qui est libérée de l'AKAP79 par l'augmentation de la concentration du complexe calcium-calmoduline, inhibe également la PP1/2A. La mise en évidence de la participation du courant maintenu Na+/Ca2+ dans la phase de prédépolarisation, qui est générée par les deux courants calcium à bas seuil d'activation, a permis de décrire un nouveau mécanisme ionique à l'origine d'une activité neuronale spontanée. Ce rÎle physiologique fait du courant maintenu Na+/Ca2+ une cible privilégiée pour des anti-épileptiques tels que le lévétiracétam, qui réduit la fréquence de décharge des DUM neurones via une inhibition du courant maintenu Na+/Ca2+.The properties of an ionic channel generating a low-threshold-activated maintained inward current, carried by both sodium and calcium, was studied by the whole cell patch-clamp technique and by immunocytochemistry. This current was characterised on pacemaker neuronal cell bodies, identified as dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurones isolated from the terminal abdominal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. The maintained Na+/Ca2+ current displays distinct electrophysiological and pharmacological properties compared to fast sodium and two low-threshold-activated calcium currents, previously described on this preparation. The current amplitude depends on two intracellular systems. First identified includes a cytoplasmic protein kinase A (PKAc), a protein phosphatase 2B (or calcineurin) and a protein called DARPP-32. The second one involves a mutlienzymatic anchoring protein, called AKAP79 which binds two protein kinases, an anchored PKA (PKAA) and a calcium-insensitive PKC. The implication of calcineurin in this system is also suspected. Application of octopamine on isolated DUM neurone cell bodies increases intracellular cAMP level and induces the release of activated PKAA. This protein kinase phosphorylates DARP-32 which causes a Na+/CA2+ current reduction via an inhibition of a protein phosphatase 1/2A. The PKC, which is released from AKAP79 by the increase of calcium-calmodulin complex concentration, also inhibits PP1/2A. The identification of the maintained Na+/Ca2+ current implication in the predepolarisation, which is generated by two low-threshold-activated calcium currents, allowed to describe a new neuronal pacemaker mechanism. This physiological role makes maintained Na+/Ca2+ current a good candidate for anti-epileptic drugs such as levetiracetam, which reduces the DUM neurones firing frequency via an inhibition of the Na+/Ca2+ current.ANGERS-BU Médecine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Caractérisation des mécanismes de régulation intracellulaires des récepteurs de l'acétylcholine de type nicotinique résistants à l'a-bungarotoxine exprimés sur les dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurones de la blatte Periplaneta americana

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    Les rĂ©cepteurs de l'acĂ©tylcholine de type nicotinique (nAChRs) rĂ©sistant Ă  l'alpha-bungarotoxine exprimĂ©s sur les corps cellulaires de cellules neurosĂ©crĂ©trices (les DUM neurones) isolĂ©es du dernier ganglion abdominal de la blatte Periplaneta americana ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s au moyen des techniques de patch-clamp (configuration cellule entiĂšre) et de mesure de la concentration en calcium intracellulaire. Ces rĂ©sultats mettent en Ă©vidence des caractĂ©ristiques entiĂšrement nouvelles des nAChRs des insectes. Deux sous-types de rĂ©cepteurs distincts (nAChR1 et nAChR2) ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s. Ces deux nAChRs peuvent ĂȘtre sĂ©parĂ©s par leurs caractĂ©ristiques pharmacologiques, Ă©lectrophysiologiques et par diffĂ©rents mĂ©canismes de rĂ©gulation intracellulaires (phosphorylation/dĂ©phosphorylation). La concentration en AMPc intracellulaire contrĂŽle l'activitĂ© d'une protĂ©ine kinase (PKA) et d'une protĂ©ine phosphatase (PP1/2A) qui ont des effets antagonistes sur nAChR1. Le complexe calcium/calmoduline (CaM) module l'activitĂ© d'une adĂ©nylate cyclase et active une enzyme de type CaM kinase II qui potentialise la rĂ©ponse de nAChR1 en partie par l'inhibition de la PP1/2A. Deux enzymes de la famille des PKC (PKC1 et PKC2) modulent nAChR1 de maniĂšre opposĂ©e et sont apparentĂ©es aux PKC " classiques " (PKC1) et " atypiques ". L'utilisation d'une sonde sensible au calcium, le fura 2, dĂ©montre que l'activation d'un rĂ©cepteur de type muscarinique de sous-type M1 permet de d'augmenter la concentration en calcium intracellulaire et contrĂŽle l'activation de ces PKC. Les effats d'un insecticide : l'imidaclopride, ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s. Dans les conditions physiologiques, cette molĂ©cule active uniquement nAChR1 et son efficacitĂ© peut ĂȘtre modulĂ©e par ces processus intracellulaires de phosphorylation/dĂ©phosphorylation. L'insensibilitĂ© de nAChR2 vis-Ă -vis de l'imidaclopride s'explique par les caractĂ©ristiques fonctionnelles de ce rĂ©cepteur. Le canal ionique de nAChR2 est permĂ©able aux ions potassium et ouvert dans les conditions physiologiques, il se ferme en prĂ©sence d'agoniste. Ces caractĂ©ristiques de nAChR2 suggĂšrent ainsi l'existence d'un nouveau type de rĂ©cepteur ionotrope dont le canal ionique, ouvert au repos, est fermĂ© lors de son activation.The a-bungarotoxin-resistant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed on the cell bodies of neurosecretory cells (DUM neurones) isolated from the terminal abdominal ganglia of the cockroach Periplaneta americana were studied using the patch-clamp technique (whole-cell recording configuration) and intracellular calcium imaging. These results demonstrate new characteristics of insect nAChRs.Two distinct nAChRs subtypes (nAChR1 et nAChR2) were characterised.These two receptors can be separated according to their pharmacological and electrophysiological properties and subtype-specific intracellular modulations (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation). First, the intracellular cAMP concentration controls both the activity of a protein kinase (PKA) and a protein phosphatase (PP1/2A) that modulate in opposite directions nAChR1. Second, the calcium/calmodulin complex (CaM) modulates adenylate cyclase and activates a CaM kinase II. This latter enzyme potentiates nAChR1 function partly through the inhibition of the PP1/2A. Third, we identified two distinct PKC that differentialy "up- and down-" regulate nAChR1 function (PKC1 and PKC2). These enzymes are related to the "classical" (PKC1) and "atypical (PKC2) PKC subtypes. Using the calcium-sensitive probe fura 2 we shown that the activation of M1 muscarinic receptor leads to an increase in intracellular calcium concentration and modulates PKC1 and PKC2 activities. The effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid were also studied. In physiological conditions, this compound only activates nAChR1 and its efficiency is affected by intracellular phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes. The functional characteristics of nAChR2 can explain its insensivity to imidacloprid. The ionic channel of nAChR2 is permeable to potassium ions and open in physiological conditions. This channel closes following agonist application. nAChR2 might therefore represent a new kind of ionotropic receptor with an open channel in resting conditions that is closed when the receptor is activated.ANGERS-BU Lettres et Sciences (490072106) / SudocSudocFranceF
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