Técnicas para enxertia de mesa e produção de mudas em videira ‘Niagara Rosada’

Bench grafting in grapevine is one technique that, reduces the costs and the time between theproduction of the rootstock and the establishment of the vineyard. The present research studied the influence of grafting time, graft callusing in greenhouse, planting site, use of Indol Butiric Acid (IBA), plastic bag protection onthe grafted vines, different substrata for rooting of grafted vines and viability of using the rootstock VR043-43 forbench grafting. Time for grafting and the use of IBA did not influence the grafting establishment when they were callused in the greenhouse. For the grafts not callused, the establishment was greater when grafting was dated from September. Different substrat did not affect the grafting establishment. Largest differences in graftingestablishment were observed in treatments with callusing in greenhouse (70%) and without callusing (12%) for grafting made on August 1st, as well as on the use of plastic bag to protect the grafted vines, that increased the establishment from 28,7% to 74%. Bench-grafting for VR043-43 rootstock, was not viable due to the low grafting establishment.A enxertia de mesa em videiras é uma técnica que reduz o custo e o tempo entre a produção do portaenxerto e o plantio das mudas no local definitivo. Foram estudadas as influências da época de enxertia, da calificação dos enxertos em estufa, do local de plantio, do uso de Ácido Indol Butírico (AIB), da proteção das estacas com sacos plásticos, do tipo de substrato usado para o enraizamento das estacas enxertadas e a viabilidade do uso do portaenxerto VR043-43 em enxertia de mesa. A época de enxertia e o uso de AIB não influenciaram no pegamento dosenxertos calificados em estufa. Nos enxertos não calificados, o pegamento foi maior na enxertia feita a partir de setembro. Os diferentes substratos, casca de arroz, mistura de casca de arroz e Argissolo (50%v/v) e solo natural (Argissolo), não afetaram o pegamento dos enxertos. As maiores diferenças no pegamento dos enxertos foramconstatadas nos tratamentos com calificação em estufa (70%) e sem calificação (12%) para as enxertias feitas em 1º de agosto, bem como no uso de proteção das estacas com sacos plásticos, o que aumentou o pegamento de 28,7% para 74%. A enxertia de mesa para ‘VR043-43’ não se mostrou viável devido ao baixo pegamento em todos os tratamentos usados

Demanda hídrica e necessidade de irrigação da videira para Urussanga, SC

The article aimed to evaluate the irrigation requirements for grapevine crops under the climaticconditions of the southern coast of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, through the serial water balance. Data from the meteorological station of Urussanga (latitude 28o31' S, longitude 49o19' W, altitude 49m) for the 1981- 2004 period were used. Crop evapotranspiration reference was determined by Penman-Monteith's method. Simulations of water balance identified water demands and irrigation needs in 10-day periods. Water balancewithout irrigation was simulated to determine the relative grapevine crop production. The results showed that water consumption for grapevine crop was 335mm and, even without irrigation, the average grapevine crop production was above 90% of the potential production.O trabalho objetivou avaliar a necessidade de irrigação na cultura da videira nas condições climáticas do sul catarinense por meio do balanço hídrico seriado. Utilizaram-se as séries históricas da estação meteorológica de Urussanga (28o31' latitude sul, 49o19' longitude oeste, altitude de 49m) do período de 1981 a 2004. A evapotranspiração de referência foi determinada pelo método de Penman-Monteith e, pelas simulações do balanço hídrico, determinaram-se as demandas hídricas e as necessidades de irrigação em períodos decendiais. Também foi simulado o balanço hídrico sem a irrigação, determinando-se o rendimento relativo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o consumo de água da cultura da videira é da ordem de 335mm e que, mesmo sem a irrigação, a produção da videira mantém média acima de 90% da produção máxima

ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA EM PESSEGUEIROS ‘AURORA’ E ‘CHIMARRITA’

Objetivou-se determinar a fonte e a dose de Nitrogênio (N) para produção de pêssegos ‘Aurora’ e ‘Chimarrita’ na Região Sul de Santa Catarina. Como fonte de N, usou-se nitrato de cálcio e uréia, nas doses 0, 50, 100 e 150 kg de N/ha. As fontes de N não influenciaram a produção de frutos e o crescimento vegetativo

Disentangling the drivers of reduced long-distance seed dispersal by birds in an experimentally fragmented landscape

Seed dispersal is a crucial component of plant population dynamics. Human landscape modifications, such as habitat destruction and fragmentation, can alter the abundance of fruiting plants and animal dispersers, foraging rates, vector movement, and the composition of the disperser community, all of which can singly or in concert affect seed dispersal. Here, we quantify and tease apart the effects of landscape configuration, namely, fragmentation of primary forest and the composition of the surrounding forest matrix, on individual components of seed dispersal of Heliconia acuminata, an Amazonian understory herb. First we identified the effects of landscape configuration on the abundance of fruiting plants and six bird disperser species. Although highly variable in space and time, densities of fruiting plants were similar in continuous forest and fragments. However, the two largest-bodied avian dispersers were less common or absent in small fragments. Second, we determined whether fragmentation affected foraging rates. Fruit removal rates were similar and very high across the landscape, suggesting that Heliconia fruits are a key resource for small frugivores in this landscape. Third, we used radiotelemetry and statistical models to quantify how landscape configuration influences vector movement patterns. Bird dispersers flew farther and faster, and perched longer in primary relative to secondary forests. One species also altered its movement direction in response to habitat boundaries between primary and secondary forests. Finally, we parameterized a simulation model linking data on fruit density and disperser abundance and behavior with empirical estimates of seed retention times to generate seed dispersal patterns in two hypothetical landscapes. Despite clear changes in bird movement in response to landscape configuration, our simulations demonstrate that these differences had negligible effects on dispersal distances. However, small fragments had reduced densities of Turdus albicollis, the largest-bodied disperser and the only one to both regurgitate and defecate seeds. This change in Turdus abundance acted together with lower numbers of fruiting plants in small fragments to decrease the probability of long-distance dispersal events from small patches. These findings emphasize the importance of foraging style for seed dispersal and highlight the primacy of habitat size relative to spatial configuration in preserving biotic interactions

TENDÊNCIAS NOS ÍNDICES CLIMÁTICOS E AGROCLIMÁTICOS APLICADOS À VIDEIRA NO PLANALTO SERRANO DE SANTA CATARINA

Foram avaliadas as tendências nas séries climáticas e nos índices agroclimáticos para a cultura da videira na Região Serrana de Santa Catarina. Foram utilizados os dados diários da estação meteorológica de São Joaquim, do período de 1961 a 2010. A tendência nas séries foi avaliada pelo teste de Mann-Kendall, e para estimar a magnitude da tendência utilizou-se a declividade mediana determinada pelo teste de Theil–Sen. Os resultados mostraram tendência de aumento nas séries de temperatura mínima do ar em escala anual, bem como nas estações do ano. Para temperatura máxima do ar houve tendência significativa de diminuição nas séries de temperatura máxima anual e na temperatura máxima da primavera e verão. Com relação aos índices agrometeorológicos, foi observada uma tendência significativa de aumento da soma térmica e do índice de Frio, além de tendências não significativas na séries  do número de geadas, datas de brotação, florescimento e colheita, duração do período vegetativo, índice de Huglin. Com relação à precipitação houve tendência significativa de aumento da precipitação total anual, da precipitação no período de crescimento da cultura da videira e do número de dias com chuva igual ou superior a 20 mm

The role of roadsides in conserving Cerrado plant diversity

Abstract The structure of Cerrado vegetation (sensu stricto) along roadsides was compared with that of protected areas (reserves). The superior stratum of reserves had 2.7 times more individuals and 1.4 times more species than on roadsides, while in the intermediate stratum there were 1.7 times more individuals and 25 % more species in reserves. Additionally, roadsides had a lower prevalence of tree species with thin bark and from forest physiognomies. In the intermediate stratum of roadsides there was a lower proportion of forest species, and also fewer species dispersed by animals. These differences occur, possibly because the vegetation of their edges is cleared during the construction of the roads and part of the soil is taken as landfill. Later, they suffer from a higher fire frequency and high coverage of exotic grasses (80 % average). Moreover, it is likely that the absence of some dispersers on roadsides may affect the recruitment of young plants. Despite these differences, the roadsides are able to maintain at least 70 % of tree species and 72 % of shrub species found in reserves. These results show that roadside vegetation can contribute 123 Biodivers Conserv (2014) 23:3035-3050 DOI 10.1007 to the conservation of the flora of Cerrado. This is particularly important considering that over 60 % of the original area of this ecosystem has been destroyed and that less than 4 % is protected. With 32,012 km of roads in the Cerrado alone, the roadside vegetation may represent a cumulative area of 96,000 of hectares, an area larger than many of the Cerrado's national parks

Do an ecosystem engineer and environmental gradient act independently or in concert to shape juvenile plant communities? Tests with the leaf-cutter ant Atta laevigata in a Neotropical savanna

Background Ecosystem engineers are species that transform habitats in ways that influence other species.While the impacts of many engineers have been well described, our understanding of how their impact varies along environmental gradients remains limited. Although disentangling the effects of gradients and engineers on biodiversity is complicated—the gradients themselves can be altered by engineers—doing so is necessary to advance conceptual and mathematical models of ecosystem engineering. We used leaf-cutter ants (Atta spp.) to investigate the relative influence of gradients and environmental engineers on the abundance and species richness of woody plants. Methods We conducted our research in South America’s Cerrado. With a survey of plant recruits along a canopy cover gradient, and data on environmental conditions that influence plant recruitment, we fit statistical models that addressed the following questions: (1) Does A. laevigata modify the gradient in canopy cover found in our Cerrado site? (2) Do environmental conditions that influence woody plant establishment in the Cerrado vary with canopy cover or proximity to A. laevigata nests? (3) Do A. laevigata and canopy cover act independently or in concert to influence recruit abundance and species richness? Results We found that environmental conditions previously shown to influence plant establishment in the Cerrado varied in concert with canopy cover, but that ants are not modifying the cover gradient or cover over nests. However, ants are modifying other local environmental conditions, and the magnitude and spatial extent of these changes are consistent across the gradient. In contrast to prior studies, we found that ant-related factors (e.g., proximity to nests, ant changes in surface conditions), rather than canopy cover, had the strongest effect on the abundance of plant recruits. However, the diversity of plants was influenced by both the engineer and the canopy cover gradient. Discussion Atta laevigata in the Cerrado modify local conditions in ways that have strong but spatially restricted consequences for plant communities. We hypothesize that ants indirectly reduce seedling establishment by clearing litter and reducing soil moisture, which leads to seed and seedling desiccation. Altering soil nutrients could also reduce juvenile growth and survivorship; if so these indirect negative effects of engineering could exacerbate their direct effects of harvesting plants. The effects of Atta appear restricted to nest mounds, but they could be long-lasting because mounds persist long after a colony has died or migrated. Our results support the hypothesis that leaf-cutter ants play a dominant role in Cerrado plant demography. We suggest the ecological and economic footprint of these engineers may increase dramatically in coming decades due to the transformation of the Cerrado by human activities

Desempenho de genótipos de pessegueiros e nectarineiras no oeste de Santa Catarina

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of peach and nectarine genotypes in the conditions of western Santa Catarina State. Five peach genotypes (‘BRS Rubimel’, ‘Zilli’, ‘SCS423 Bonora’, ‘Seleção Epagri 02-40’ and BRS Fascínio) and the nectarines  'Seleção Epagri 31-43', ‘SCS418 Julema’ and ‘Seleção Embrapa Necta 528’ were evaluated in the municipalities of Caibi, Cordilheira Alta (except ‘BRS Fascínio') and Descanso, until the fourth year. The earliest harvest was of ‘Seleção Epagri  31-43’, ‘SCS418 Julema’ and ‘SCS423 Bonora’, starting in the second 10-day period of September, despite the slightly later flowering compared to 'Zilli' and ‘BRS Rubimel’. In terms of productivity, the outstanding genotypes were ‘SCS423 Bonora’, ‘Zilli’, ‘SCS418 Julema’ and ‘Seleção Epagri 02-40’ in Cordillera Alta, ‘SCS423 Bonora’ in Caibi and ‘SCS423 Bonora’, ‘Zilli’ and ‘SCS418 Julema’ in Descanso. The average fruit mass was higher in treatments ‘Seleção Epagri 02-40’ and ‘Zilli’ in Cordillera Alta, ‘BRS Fascínio’, ‘Seleção Epagri 02-40’ and ‘Zilli’ in Caibi and ‘BRS Fascínio’ and ‘Seleção Epagri 02-40’ in Descanso. ‘SCS423 Bonora’ peach and 'SCS418 Julema' nectarine, inside their group, combine desirable characteristics of precocity, fruit size and productivity.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de genótipos de pessegueiro e nectarineira nas condições do oeste de Santa Catarina. Cinco genótipos de pessegueiro ‘BRS Rubimel’, ‘Zilli’, ‘SCS423 Bonora’, ‘Seleção Epagri 02-40’ e ‘BRS Fascínio’ e as nectarinas 'Seleção Epagri 31-43', ‘SCS418 Julema’ e ‘Seleção Embrapa Necta 528’ foram avaliados nos municípios de Caibi, Cordilheira Alta (exceto 'BRS Fascínio') e Descanso, até o quarto ano. A colheita de ‘Seleção Epagri 31-43’, ‘SCS418 Julema’ e ‘SCS423 Bonora’ foi mais precoce, com início no segundo decêndio de setembro, apesar da floração um pouco mais tardia em comparação com 'Zilli' e ‘BRS Rubimel’. Em termos de produtividade, os destaques foram ‘SCS423 Bonora’, 'Zilli', ‘SCS418 Julema’ e 'Seleção Epagri 02-40' em Cordilheira Alta, ‘SCS423 Bonora’ em Caibi e ‘SCS423 Bonora’, 'Zilli' e ‘SCS418 Julema’ em Descanso. A massa média de frutos foi maior nos tratamentos 'Seleção Epagri 02-40' e 'Zilli' em Cordilheira Alta; ‘BRS Fascínio’, 'Seleção Epagri 02-40' e 'Zilli' em Caibi; e ‘BRS Fascínio’ e 'Seleção Epagri 02-40 'em Descanso. O pessegueiro ‘SCS423 Bonora’ e a nectarineira ‘SCS418 Julema’, dentro do seu grupo, combinam características desejáveis de precocidade, tamanho dos frutos e produtividade.

A videira ‘Goethe’ e seus clones nos Vales da Uva Goethe

Abstract: The Goethe grape cultivar is widely cultivated in the region of Urussanga, Santa Catarina, Brazil, since the early 20th century, when it was introduced. From the 1920s to the 1960s, it was accountable for the fame and acceptance of the region’s white wine throughout the country and for its national and international awards. In 2012, it was assigned by the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) with the geographic indication “Vales da Uva Goethe”. More than a century of cultivation, two clones were isolated and multiplied from the Goethe cultivar, the ‘Goethe Primo’ and the ‘SCS420 Goethe Cristal’. These two clones keep the same phenology and cultural features of the original cultivar, differentiating themselves primarily by the characteristics of the fruit and the wine produced. The Goethe Primo cultivar presents larger grape berries, less colored, with less acidity and thicker skin. The SCS420 cultivar Goethe Cristal displays green colored grape berries, with bigger size and less acidity than the original cultivar. The wines produced from the clones are characterized by being less acid, having floral aroma notes and being less intense.Resumo: O cultivar de videira Goethe é amplamente cultivado na região de Urussanga desde sua introdução, no início do século 20. Entre as décadas de 1920 e 1960, foi responsável pela fama e aceitação do vinho branco da região por todo o País e por suas premiações nacionais e internacionais. Em 2012 recebeu do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) o registro de Indicação Geográfica “Vales da Uva Goethe”. Ao longo de mais de um século de cultivo, foram isolados e multiplicados dois clones a partir do cultivar Goethe, o ‘Goethe Primo’ e o ‘SCS420 Goethe Cristal’. Esses dois clones mantêm as características fenológicas e culturais do cultivar original, diferenciando-se basicamente pelas características do fruto e do vinho produzido. O cultivar Goethe Primo apresenta bagas maiores, menos coloridas, com menor acidez e casca mais espessa. O cultivar SCS420 Goethe Cristal apresenta bagas de coloração verde, de maior tamanho e menor acidez. Os vinhos produzidos por esses clones caracterizam-se por serem menos ácidos e terem aromas com notas florais e menos intensos em relação aos da videira ‘Goethe’.