The PhyloCode applied to Cintractiellales, a new order of smut fungi with unresolved phylogenetic relationships in the Ustilaginomycotina

The PhyloCode is used to classify taxa based on their relation to a most recent common ancestor as recovered from a phylogenetic analysis. We examined the first specimen of Cintractiella (Ustilaginomycotina) collected from Australia and determined its systematic relationship to other Fungi. Three ribosomal DNA loci were analysed both with and without constraint to a phylogenomic hypothesis of the Ustilaginomycotina. Cintractiella did not share a most recent common ancestor with other orders of smut fungi. We used the PhyloCode to define the Cintractiellales, a monogeneric order with four species of Cintractiella, including C. scirpodendri sp. nov. on Scirpodendron ghaeri. The Cintractiellales may have shared a most recent common ancestor with the Malasseziomycetes, but are otherwise unresolved at the rank of class.https://fuse-journal.orghj2021Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)Plant Production and Soil Scienc

Subgeneric delimitation of the plant genus Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae)

Over two centuries of taxonomic studies on the species rich genus Phyllanthus have culminated in a broadand complicated classification with many subgenera and (sub)sections. Past taxonomic work has only focused on local revisions, mostly because of the size of the genus. In this study we aim to summarize most of the taxonomic work in a list containing the infrageneric delimitations of Phyllanthus. This work will serve as a reference, placing most currently recognized species in subgenera and if possible, in sections for further study. Here we recognize 880 species of Phyllanthus, classified in 18 subgenera, 70 sections and 14 subsections. A few taxonomic changes are necessary to reconcile published phylogenetic data with the current classification. Subsections Callidisci and Odontadenii are raised to sectional rank, while section Eleutherogynium and section Physoglochidion are reduced to subsections and P. oxycarpus is transferred to the genus Glochidion. A provisional key for the subgeneric classification of Phyllanthus is provided.Naturali

Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthus sensu lato (Phyllanthaceae): Towards coherent monophyletic taxa

The genus Phyllanthus is paraphyletic as currently circumscribed, with the genera Breynia, Glochidion and Synostemon nested within it. A phylogeny based on nuclear (ITS, PHYC) and chloroplast (matK, accD-psaI, trnS-trnG) markers is presented, including 18/18 subgenera and 53/70 sections. Differences in habit, branching type, floral and fruit characters are discussed, and we find indications for shifts in pollination and dispersal strategies possibly underlying the convergent evolution of these characters in multiple clades. Several taxonomic issues were found in the subgeneric classification of Phyllanthus that will require new transfers and rank changes. Phyllanthus subg. Anesonemoides, subg. Conami, subg. Emblica, subg. Gomphidium, subg. Kirganelia and subg. Phyllanthus are polyphyletic, and several sections appear to be paraphyletic (e.g., P. sect. Anisonema, sect. Emblicastrum, sect. Pseudoactephila, sect. Swartziani, and sect. Xylophylla); P. subg. Phyllanthodendron is furthermore paraphyletic with the genus Glochidion nested within. To create a classification of tribe Phyllantheae that comprises exclusively monophyletic taxa, it is necessary to treat several clades at the same taxonomic rank as the genera Breynia, Glochidion and Synostemon. Since combining all genera would lead to one giant heterogeneous genus that is difficult to define, we recommend dividing Phyllanthus into several monophyletic genera, which have previously been recognized and often possess diagnostic (combinations of) morphological characters. This new classification is forthcoming.Plant sciencesNaturali

A revised phylogenetic classification of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae)

The majority of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae) is currently placed in the paraphyletic genus Phyllanthus and discussions have persisted on how to resolve this issue. Here, we split Phyllanthus into ten monophyletic genera, which are all reinstatements of former genera, but with changes made to the circumscription and constituent species of each group. The genera Breynia, Glochidion and Synostemon were recently found to be nested within Phyllanthus and discussions ensued whether or not to subsume everything into Phyllanthus s.l. Instead of combining all these genera, we here implement the solution of splitting Phyllanthus into strictly monophyletic genera to ensure that the classification is consistent with the latest phylogenetic results. The new classification is based on a phylogenetic framework combined with differences in habit, branching type, floral, fruit and pollen morphology. With this new division of the genus Phyllanthus, tribe Phyllantheae will consist of the following 18 genera: Breynia, Cathetus, Cicca, Dendrophyllanthus, Emblica, Flueggea, Glochidion, Heterosavia, Kirganelia, Lingelsheimia, Lysiandra, Margaritaria, Moeroris, Nellica, Nymphanthus, Phyllanthus, Plagiocladus and Synostemon. As a result of the reinstated genera, five new names for illegitimate combinations or previous overlooked nomenclatural anomalies and 645 new combinations are proposed. Several keys are provided to distinguish the reinstated genera. Full species lists are given for the reinstated genera treated here except for Breynia, Synostemon and Glochidion.Plant sciencesNaturali

PERBEDAAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU HAMIL SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PENYULUHAN MENGENAI IUD PASCAPLASENTA

Background : Post-placental IUD is defined as IUD insertion within 10 minutes after the expulsion of placenta. This method is considered safe and the most potential method to prevent missed opportunity. The use of post-placental IUD currently perceived incompatible with the expectation. One of the factors that cause this thing is the low knowledge level of post-placental IUD in society. Aim : To analyze the difference of knowledge level and attitude towards postplacental IUD on pregnant woman before and after counseling. Methods : This research was conducted using quasi experimental one group pretest-posttest design. Thirty-three samples were taken by consecutive sampling from pregnant woman who lived in the territory of Puskesmas Ngesrep and Puskemas Halmahera, Semarang. Data were analyzed using paired T-Test. Results : The mean value of knowledge level before counseling was 6,09 ± 1,826 whereas after counseling was 8,15 ± 1,661. The mean value of attitude before counseling was 35,79 ± 4,709 with 26 respondents had positive attitude and 7 respondents had negative attitude whereas after counseling the mean value was 39,97 ± 4,261 with all respondents had positive attitude. There was significant difference (p<0,05) on knowledge level (p=0,000) and attitude (p=0,000) before and after counseling. Conclusion : There was significant difference on knowledge level and attitude towards post-placental IUD on pregnant woman before and after counseling. Key words: Post-placental IUD, counseling, knowledge level, attitud

Osmotic adjustment, stomata morphology and function show contrasting responses to water stress in mesic and hydric grasses under elevated CO2 concentration

The physiological response of two species of grasses with C3 and C4 mechanisms syndromes, Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach × Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br) and hydric common reed grass (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud) was examined under ambient (aCO2) and elevated CO2 (eCO2), in combination with water and temperature stress treatments. Under eCO2 and subjected to water and temperature stress, the Napier grass maintained higher daytime leaf water potential (LWP) by reducing transpiration (E) and executing larger osmotic adjustment (OA) at an average of 0.85 MPa compared with 0.42 MPa for common reed; carbon assimilation (PN) was thus higher for the Napier grass. Under aCO2 and low temperature, water stress induced no significant differences in OA between the grasses, but Napier grass still had higher PN than that of common reed. Recovery in LWP and PN following re-watering of water-stressed plants was more rapid in Napier grass than that in the common reed; the former had also higher water-use efficiency due to its low specific water use (water use/leaf area) that was just a fraction (less than 6%) that of the common reed. Exposure of common reed to eCO2 reduced stomata number, but increased it in the Napier grass, especially when subjected to water stress and high temperature. Exposure to eCO2 enhanced OA capacity and E control in Napier grass resulting in superior physiological profile over the common reed subjected to water and heat stress

Subgeneric delimitation of the plant genus Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae)

Over two centuries of taxonomic studies on the species rich genus Phyllanthus have culminated in a broad and complicated classification with many subgenera and (sub)sections. Past taxonomic work has only focused on local revisions, mostly because of the size of the genus. In this study we aim to summarize most of the taxonomic work in a list containing the infrageneric delimitations of Phyllanthus. This work will serve as a reference, placing most currently recognized species in subgenera and if possible, in sections for further study. Here we recognize 880 species of Phyllanthus, classified in 18 subgenera, 70 sections and 14 subsections. A few taxonomic changes are necessary to reconcile published phylogenetic data with the current classification. Subsections Callidisci and Odontadenii are raised to sectional rank, while section Eleutherogynium and section Physoglochidion are reduced to subsections and P. oxycarpus is transferred to the genus Glochidion. A provisional key for the subgeneric classification of Phyllanthus is provided

Phylogenetic reconstruction prompts taxonomic changes in Sauropus, Synostemon and Breynia (Phyllanthaceae tribe Phyllantheae)

Previous molecular phylogenetic studies indicated expansion of Breynia with inclusion of Sauropus s.str. (excluding Synostemon). The present study adds qualitative and quantitative morphological characters to molecular data to find more resolution and/or higher support for the subgroups within Breynia s.lat. However, the results show that combined molecular and morphological characters provide limited synergy. Morphology confirms and makes the infrageneric groups recognisable within Breynia s.lat. The status of the Sauropus androgynus complex is discussed. Nomenclatural changes of Sauropus species to Breynia are formalised. The genus Synostemon is reinstated