The PhyloCode applied to Cintractiellales, a new order of smut fungi with unresolved phylogenetic relationships in the Ustilaginomycotina

The PhyloCode is used to classify taxa based on their relation to a most recent common ancestor as recovered from a phylogenetic analysis. We examined the first specimen of Cintractiella (Ustilaginomycotina) collected from Australia and determined its systematic relationship to other Fungi. Three ribosomal DNA loci were analysed both with and without constraint to a phylogenomic hypothesis of the Ustilaginomycotina. Cintractiella did not share a most recent common ancestor with other orders of smut fungi. We used the PhyloCode to define the Cintractiellales, a monogeneric order with four species of Cintractiella, including C. scirpodendri sp. nov. on Scirpodendron ghaeri. The Cintractiellales may have shared a most recent common ancestor with the Malasseziomycetes, but are otherwise unresolved at the rank of class.https://fuse-journal.orghj2021Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)Plant Production and Soil Scienc

Subgeneric delimitation of the plant genus Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae)

Over two centuries of taxonomic studies on the species rich genus Phyllanthus have culminated in a broadand complicated classification with many subgenera and (sub)sections. Past taxonomic work has only focused on local revisions, mostly because of the size of the genus. In this study we aim to summarize most of the taxonomic work in a list containing the infrageneric delimitations of Phyllanthus. This work will serve as a reference, placing most currently recognized species in subgenera and if possible, in sections for further study. Here we recognize 880 species of Phyllanthus, classified in 18 subgenera, 70 sections and 14 subsections. A few taxonomic changes are necessary to reconcile published phylogenetic data with the current classification. Subsections Callidisci and Odontadenii are raised to sectional rank, while section Eleutherogynium and section Physoglochidion are reduced to subsections and P. oxycarpus is transferred to the genus Glochidion. A provisional key for the subgeneric classification of Phyllanthus is provided.Naturali

A revised phylogenetic classification of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae)

The majority of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae) is currently placed in the paraphyletic genus Phyllanthus and discussions have persisted on how to resolve this issue. Here, we split Phyllanthus into ten monophyletic genera, which are all reinstatements of former genera, but with changes made to the circumscription and constituent species of each group. The genera Breynia, Glochidion and Synostemon were recently found to be nested within Phyllanthus and discussions ensued whether or not to subsume everything into Phyllanthus s.l. Instead of combining all these genera, we here implement the solution of splitting Phyllanthus into strictly monophyletic genera to ensure that the classification is consistent with the latest phylogenetic results. The new classification is based on a phylogenetic framework combined with differences in habit, branching type, floral, fruit and pollen morphology. With this new division of the genus Phyllanthus, tribe Phyllantheae will consist of the following 18 genera: Breynia, Cathetus, Cicca, Dendrophyllanthus, Emblica, Flueggea, Glochidion, Heterosavia, Kirganelia, Lingelsheimia, Lysiandra, Margaritaria, Moeroris, Nellica, Nymphanthus, Phyllanthus, Plagiocladus and Synostemon. As a result of the reinstated genera, five new names for illegitimate combinations or previous overlooked nomenclatural anomalies and 645 new combinations are proposed. Several keys are provided to distinguish the reinstated genera. Full species lists are given for the reinstated genera treated here except for Breynia, Synostemon and Glochidion.Plant sciencesNaturali

PERBEDAAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU HAMIL SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PENYULUHAN MENGENAI IUD PASCAPLASENTA

Background : Post-placental IUD is defined as IUD insertion within 10 minutes after the expulsion of placenta. This method is considered safe and the most potential method to prevent missed opportunity. The use of post-placental IUD currently perceived incompatible with the expectation. One of the factors that cause this thing is the low knowledge level of post-placental IUD in society. Aim : To analyze the difference of knowledge level and attitude towards postplacental IUD on pregnant woman before and after counseling. Methods : This research was conducted using quasi experimental one group pretest-posttest design. Thirty-three samples were taken by consecutive sampling from pregnant woman who lived in the territory of Puskesmas Ngesrep and Puskemas Halmahera, Semarang. Data were analyzed using paired T-Test. Results : The mean value of knowledge level before counseling was 6,09 ± 1,826 whereas after counseling was 8,15 ± 1,661. The mean value of attitude before counseling was 35,79 ± 4,709 with 26 respondents had positive attitude and 7 respondents had negative attitude whereas after counseling the mean value was 39,97 ± 4,261 with all respondents had positive attitude. There was significant difference (p<0,05) on knowledge level (p=0,000) and attitude (p=0,000) before and after counseling. Conclusion : There was significant difference on knowledge level and attitude towards post-placental IUD on pregnant woman before and after counseling. Key words: Post-placental IUD, counseling, knowledge level, attitud

Osmotic adjustment, stomata morphology and function show contrasting responses to water stress in mesic and hydric grasses under elevated CO2 concentration

The physiological response of two species of grasses with C3 and C4 mechanisms syndromes, Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach × Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br) and hydric common reed grass (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud) was examined under ambient (aCO2) and elevated CO2 (eCO2), in combination with water and temperature stress treatments. Under eCO2 and subjected to water and temperature stress, the Napier grass maintained higher daytime leaf water potential (LWP) by reducing transpiration (E) and executing larger osmotic adjustment (OA) at an average of 0.85 MPa compared with 0.42 MPa for common reed; carbon assimilation (PN) was thus higher for the Napier grass. Under aCO2 and low temperature, water stress induced no significant differences in OA between the grasses, but Napier grass still had higher PN than that of common reed. Recovery in LWP and PN following re-watering of water-stressed plants was more rapid in Napier grass than that in the common reed; the former had also higher water-use efficiency due to its low specific water use (water use/leaf area) that was just a fraction (less than 6%) that of the common reed. Exposure of common reed to eCO2 reduced stomata number, but increased it in the Napier grass, especially when subjected to water stress and high temperature. Exposure to eCO2 enhanced OA capacity and E control in Napier grass resulting in superior physiological profile over the common reed subjected to water and heat stress

Anatomia e ultra-estrutura foliar de Cyperus maritimus Poir. (Cyperaceae): estratégias adaptativas ao ambiente de dunas litorâneas Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of Cyperus maritimus Poir. (Cyperaceae): adaptive strategies for coastal dune environment

Foram analisados aspectos anatômicos e ultra-estruturais foliares de Cyperus maritimus Poir. visando identificar caracteres adaptativos ao ambiente de dunas litorâneas. Para isto, indivíduos ocorrentes nas dunas da Praia de Pipa, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, tiveram as folhas submetidas a diferentes análises: microscopia de luz, eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. Em vista frontal, a epiderme possui tricomas unicelulares, corpos de sílica, cutícula estriada e depósitos de cera. Em secção transversal, a epiderme é unisseriada com parede periclinal externa espessa. Os estômatos são paracíticos, podendo o ostíolo estar obstruído por cera. Abaixo da face adaxial observa-se o parênquima aqüífero. Os feixes vasculares ocorrem em múltiplas fileiras, sendo as periféricas compostas por feixes de diâmetro menor que os feixes da fileira central. Foram observados caracteres relacionados à síndrome Kranz do tipo clorociperóide. Aspectos ultra-estruturais, como cloroplastos presentes na bainha do feixe, esses sem grana evidentes, entre outras características, reforçam a possível ocorrência da via C4 nesta espécie. É a primeira citação para o gênero Cyperus de cloroplasto nas celulas do tecido vascular. Neste trabalho foi possível observar vários caracteres importantes para plantas submetidas a estresse hídrico e salino, como: cera, células epidérmicas com parede periclinal externa espessada, parênquima aqüífero e síndrome Kranz.<br>Anatomical and ultrastructural aspects of Cyperus maritimus Poir. were analyzed with the aim of identifying adaptive features for the dune environment. Collections were made at Pipa beach, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Leaves were submitted to different analyses: light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In frontal view, the epidermis has unicellular trichomes, silica bodies, a striate cuticle and wax deposits. In transverse section, the epidermis is uniseriate with thickened outer periclinal walls. The stomata are paracitic and the pore sometimes obstructed by wax. Under the adaxial epidermis, there are several layers of aqueous parenchyma. The vascular bundles occur in multiple rows, the peripheral row having bundles with narrower diameters than the central row. Characters related to Kranz syndrome of the chlorocyperoid type were observed. Ultrastructural features support a possible C4 pathway in this species. This work is the first citation of chloroplasts in the cells of the vascular system for the genus. In this study, it was possible to observe several important features of plants submitted to water and salt stress, such as: wax, thickened outer periclinal walls of the epidermal cells, aqueous parenchyma and Kranz syndrome