Plate rotation during continental collision and its relationship with the exhumation of UHP metamorphic terranes: Application to the Norwegian Caledonides

Lateral variation and asynchronous onset of collision during the convergence of continents can significantly affect the burial and exhumation of subducted continental crust. Here we use 3-D numerical models for continental collision to discuss how deep burial and exhumation of high and ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (HP/UHP) rocks are enhanced by diachronous collision and the resulting rotation of the colliding plates. Rotation during collision locally favors eduction, the inversion of the subduction, and may explain the discontinuous distribution of ultra-high pressure (UHP) terranes along collision zones. For example, the terminal (Scandian) collision of Baltica and Laurentia, which formed the Scandinavian Caledonides, resulted in the exhumation of only one large HP/UHP terrane, the Western Gneiss Complex (WGC), near the southern end of the collision zone. Rotation of the subducting Baltica plate during collision may provide an explanation for this distribution. We explore this hypothesis by comparing orthogonal and diachronous collision models and conclude that a diachronous collision can transport continental material up to 60 km deeper, and heat material up to 300°C hotter, than an orthogonal collision. Our diachronous collision model predicts that subducted continental margin material returns to the surface only in the region where collision initiated. The diachronous collision model is consistent with petrological and geochonological observations from the WGC and makes predictions for the general evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides. We propose the collision between Laurentia and Baltica started at the southern end of the collisional zone, and propagated northward. This asymmetric geometry resulted in the counter clockwise rotation of Baltica with respect to Laurentia, consistent with paleomagnetic data from other studies. Our model may have applications to other orogens with regional UHP terranes, such as the Dabie Shan and Papua New Guinea cases, where block rotation during exhumation has also been recorded

Mainstreaming climate adaptation into social protection: The issues yet to be addressed

As the consequences of climate change become better understood, there is growing agreement among development practitioners and academics on the need for mainstreaming climate adaptation into social protection. This review paper assesses the progress in mainstreaming efforts, revealing that there has been considerable progress made to date. However, a number of critical issues relating to the challenges of such mainstreaming in the context of developing countries and the conceptual framework needed to assess the outcomes of such developmental programmes are yet to be addressed. These issues are examined in this paper

Contrasting Ultra-Slow Ridges near the Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic

Two ultraslow mid ocean ridges, i.e., the westernmost portion of the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) and the easternmost portion of the American-Antarctic Ridge (AAR), meet the southernmost portion of the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at the Bouvet Triple Junction. Although both the SWIR and the AAR have very slow spreading rates, i.e., 7.5 mm/y and 10 mm/y, respectively, they display strongly contrasting morphostructural and petrological characteristics. The AAR axial zone is deeper than normal (>4000m); some of its segments are oblique, being oriented roughly 45 degrees from the direction of spreading; basalt and peridotite chemistry suggests a relatively low degree of melting of the mantle below the AAR. In contrast, the SWIR axial zone is shallower than normal ($<$2500m); the last segment (Spiess Ridge) is particularly anomalous, reaching ~400 m below sea level. Basalt and peridotite chemistry of this portion of SWIR suggests high extents of melting of the upper mantle. The H2O content of the SWIR basaltic glasses ranges between 0.6% and 1.0% and is significantly higher than in normal MORB. The high extent of melting at the SWIR segments is probably related not only to a mantle thermal anomaly, but also to its high volatiles content. Mantle thermal structure and composition, rather than spreading rate, are the main factors determing the structure of these ridges

Bose-Einstein correlations in deep inelastic e p scattering at HERA

Two-particle correlations in invariant mass are studied separately for like-sign and unlike-sign charged particles produced in deep inelastic positron-proton scattering in a new kinematical domain. The data were taken with the H1 detector at the HERA storage ring in 1994, in which 27.5 GeV positrons collided with 820 GeV protons at a centre of mass energy sqrt{s}=300 GeV. The observed enhancement of the like-sign correlations at low invariant masses is related to the dimensions of the hadronic source. The data are compared to different QCD models where the hadronization is performed with the string-fragmentation model. Results are presented for the first time separately for diffractive and non-diffractive scattering, in domains of four-momentum transfer, Bjorken-x, and hadronic center of mass energy, and in intervals of charged particle multiplicity. The observed source radii do not differ strongly from those measured in lower energy lepton-nucleon inelastic scattering, and e^+e^- annihilation.Comment: 36 pages, 10 Figure

Photoproduction of K&quot;0 and #LAMBDA# at HERA and a comparison with deep inelastic scattering

Inclusive K&quot;0 and #LAMBDA# photoproduction has been investigated at HERA with the H1 detector at an average photon-proton center of mass energy of 200 GeV in the transverse momentum range 0.5 &lt; p_t &lt; 5 GeV. The production rates as a function of p_t and center of mass rapidity are compared to those obtained in deep inelastic scattering at left angle Q&quot;2 right angle = 23 GeV&quot;2. A similar comparison is made of the rapidity spectra of charged particles. The rate of strangeness photoproduction is compared with pp measurements. The observations are also compared with next-to-leading order QCD calculations and the predictions of a Monte Carlo model. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from FIZ Karlsruhe / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman