The Role of Offshore Jurisdictions in the Development of the International Trust

The trust is a common law invention, the product of experience over many years. But the more it is reduced to legislation, the more formalistic it becomes, and the less able it will be to respond to new situations and challenges. The quasi-code approach--and, to a much lesser extent, the targeted approach--also results in a fragmenting of the trust law. The trust has benefited immensely from the relative uniformity of most general principles throughout the Commonwealth and other common law countries. This has enabled developments, in the form of judicial pronouncements, in one country to be freely adopted in others. With the imposition of the quasi-codes, the concern is that in the future there will exist a multiplicity of trust systems, many of which will be unable to contribute to, or benefit from, the general development of trust law

Optimal villi density for maximal oxygen uptake in the human placenta

We present a stream-tube model of oxygen exchange inside a human placenta functional unit (a placentone). The effect of villi density on oxygen transfer efficiency is assessed by numerically solving the diffusion-convection equation in a 2D+1D geometry for a wide range of villi densities. For each set of physiological parameters, we observe the existence of an optimal villi density providing a maximal oxygen uptake as a trade-off between the incoming oxygen flow and the absorbing villus surface. The predicted optimal villi density $0.47\pm0.06$ is compatible to previous experimental measurements. Several other ways to experimentally validate the model are also proposed. The proposed stream-tube model can serve as a basis for analyzing the efficiency of human placentas, detecting possible pathologies and diagnosing placental health risks for newborns by using routine histology sections collected after birth

El relleno volcánico Pleistoceno de los valles de Tegueste y Guerra

En el macizo de Anaga se encuentran, junto al macizo de Teno y Roque del Conde, los materiales subaéreos más antiguos, que constituyen el sustrato común a toda la isla (Carracedo, 2011). En Anaga la actividad volcánica cesó hace poco más de 3 Ma., sin embargo, en el Cuaternario se produjo una renovación en la actividad eruptiva basáltica, dando como resultado el recubrimiento parcial de los sectores más occidentales, fundamentalmente las zonas bajas de lo que hoy son los valles de Tegueste y Guerra. La actividad eruptiva responsable de este rejuvenecimiento geológico se produjo a través de conos, de forma aún reconocible, situados tanto en el exterior como en el interior de estas depresiones. El objetivo del presente trabajo es el estudio y reconocimiento de dicho relleno volcánico cuaternario utilizando técnicas magnetoestratigráficas.In the Anaga massif we can find, along with the Teno massif and Roque del Conde, the oldest subaerial materials that constitute the common substrate of the entire island (Carracedo, 2011). In Anaga the volcanic activity stopped a little over 3 million years ago, however, in the Quaternary there was a renewal of the basaltic eruptive activity, resulting in the partial coverage of the Western sectors, mainly the lowlands of what is known now as the valleys of Tegueste and Guerra. The eruptive activity responsible for this geological rejuvenation occurred through cinder cones that still are recognizable, located both outside and inside of these depressions. The aim of this work is the study and recognition of this Quaternary volcanic filling with the help of magnetostratigraphic techniques

Influence of Functionalization of Nanocontainers on Self-Healing Anticorrosive Coatings

Feedback coating based on pH-induced release of inhibitor from organosilyl-functionalized containers is considered as a compelling candidate to achieve smart self-healing corrosion protection. Four key factors that determine the overall coating performance include 1) the uptake and release capacity of containers, 2) prevention of the premature leakage, 3) compatibility of containers in coating matrix and 4) cost and procedure simplicity consideration. The critical influence introduced by organosilyl-functionalization of containers is systematically demonstrated by investigating MCM-41 silica nanoparticles modified with ethylenediamine (en), en-4-oxobutanoic acid salt (en-COO-) and en-triacetate (en-(COO-)3) with higher and lower organic contents. The properties of the modified silica nanoparticles as containers were mainly characterized by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, N2 sorption, thermogravimetric analysis, small-angle X-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering and UV-vis spectroscopy. Finally, the self-healing ability and anticorrosive performances of hybrid coatings were examined through scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). en-(COO-)3- type functionalization with content of only 0.23 mmol/g was found to perform the best as a candidate for establishing pH-induced release system. It is because the resulting capped and loaded (C-L) functionalized silica nanocontainers (FSNs) exhibit a high loading (26 wt%) and release capacity (80%) for inhibitor, prevention of premature leakage (less than 2%), good dispersibility in coating matrix and cost effectiveness

Structural Elucidation of Amorphous Photocatalytic Polymers from Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Solid State NMR

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) offers a recent approach to dramatically enhance NMR signals and has enabled detailed structural information to be obtained in a series of amorphous photocatalytic copolymers of alternating pyrene and benzene monomer units, the structures of which cannot be reliably established by other spectroscopic or analytical techniques. Large 13C cross-polarization (CP) magic angle spinning (MAS) signal enhancements were obtained at high magnetic fields (9.4–14.1 T) and low temperature (110–120 K), permitting the acquisition of a 13C INADEQUATE spectrum at natural abundance and facilitating complete spectral assignments, including when small amounts of specific monomers are present. The high 13C signal-to-noise ratios obtained are harnessed to record quantitative multiple contact CP NMR data, used to determine the polymers’ composition. This correlates well with the putative pyrene:benzene stoichiometry from the monomer feed ratio, enabling their structures to be understood