Trends in wintertime climate in the northeastern United States: 1965–2005

Humans experience climate variability and climate change primarily through changes in weather at local and regional scales. One of the most effective means to track these changes is through detailed analysis of meteorological data. In this work, monthly and seasonal trends in recent winter climate of the northeastern United States (NE-US) are documented. Snow cover and snowfall are important components of the region\u27s hydrological systems, ecosystems, infrastructure, travel safety, and winter tourism and recreation. Temperature, snowfall, and snow depth data were collected from the merged United States Historical Climate Network (USHCN) and National Climatic Data Center Cooperative Network (COOP) data set for the months of December through March, 1965–2005. Monthly and seasonal time series of snow-covered days (snow depth \u3e2.54 cm) are constructed from daily snow depth data. Spatial coherence analysis is used to address data quality issues with daily snowfall and snow depth data, and to remove stations with nonclimatic influences from the regional analysis. Monthly and seasonal trends in mean, minimum, and maximum temperature, total snowfall, and snow-covered days are evaluated over the period 1965–2005, a period during which global temperature records and regional indicators exhibit a shift to warmer climate conditions. NE-US regional winter mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures are all increasing at a rate ranging from 0.42° to 0.46°C/decade with the greatest warming in all three variables occurring in the coldest months of winter (January and February). The regional average reduction in number of snow-covered days in winter (−8.9 d/decade) is also greatest during the months of January and February. Further analysis with additional regional climate modeling is required to better investigate the causal link between the increases in temperature and reduction in snow cover during the coldest winter months of January and February. In addition, regionally averaged winter snowfall has decreased by about 4.6 cm/decade, with the greatest decreases in snowfall occurring in December and February. These results have important implications for the impacts of regional climate change on the northeastern United States hydrology, natural ecosystems, and economy

Growth processes in the two Scottish populations of powan, Coregonus lavaretus (L.) (Eateleosteia, Salmonidae)

The powan, Coregonus lavaretus (L.) is endemic to only two British waters, Loch Lomond and Loch Eck, Scotland. This thesis describes the seasonal and longer term growth processes of the two populations, concentrating on growth in length back-calculated from scales, factors affecting recruitment and mortality, reproductive cycles, and seasonal deposition and mobilisation of storage products, particularly lipid. The interrelationships of these cycles is discussed. The populations differ in their diet and duration of feeding, and it is shown that most of the inter-population differences in seasonal cycles of growth relate to these feeding differences. The Loch Eck population is the more variable. In addition to adult and immature powan, a third category is identified, termed adolescents. These are fish which are entering their first reproductive cycle. Immature and adolescent fish are analysed separately and compared with the adults. There are some differences in seasonal cycles between the juveniles and adults, mainly in relation to the presence or absence of the reproductive cycle. A preliminary histological study of the ovaries of adolescent females is carried out. Comparison of historical data with the results of the present study shows that there has been little change in the Loch Lomond powan in the past 200 years. Both lochs are coming under increasing human pressure, and conservational measures urgently need to be taken if the powan populations are to survive

Royal marriage, royal property, and the patrimony of the crown: inalienability and the prerogative in fourteenth-century France

This paper deals with the problems faced by rulers who wanted to provide for their families, supporters, and friends at a time when principles regulating such gifts were still unfixed; when no clear distinctions had been established between the private and public persons and fortunes of the ruler; when the amount of control the individual ruler could exercise over the property he acquired at his accession had not been determined; when the belief in the ruler's obligation not to alienate the patrjmony of the kingdom was gaining in popularity but had yet to be defined as principle; when royal donations and grants were suffering revocation and cancellation at the hands of later rulers. Focusing on early fourteenth-century France, this paper discusses the experiences of Philip V (1316-1322) and particularly the strategies he devised in attempting to insure that grants of property he made to his wife would endure after his death. These strategies were diverse, and included gaining the approval of relatives for the acts and, most remarkably, using elaborate and unusual formulae of validation to warrant the acts. Philip used them for a number of reasons: he and his predecessor Louis X had demonstrated the fragility of the royal will by modifying and revoking a number i ii of royal acts; to increase the kingdom's wealth and elevate his own reputation, Philip had enunciated and enforced principles restricting the king's right and undermining his ability to alienate property; and finally, after early 1317, lacking a male heir, he found himself obliged to provide for a wife and daughters who, after his death, would lack dedicated and enthusiastic support at court. In discussing the fate of Philip V's donations, the article demonstrates the ultimate futility of the king's strategies in the face of his successor's sovereign control of the kingdom's resources, including his ability to use against Philip's heirs the same principles of inalienability Philip had used against others. It argues that as long as the ruler lacked a fixed body of resources to provide for his private needs, as long as these needs lacked clear definition, and as long as he possessed the power to dispense with law and custom, strict principles of inalienability could not be expected to be enacted or enforced in France, however great the kingdom's desire for such principles

Conflicting interests in the pathogen-host tug of war : fungal micronutrient scavenging versus mammalian nutritional immunity

Funding: The authors are supported by the European Research Council (STRIFE project funded on grant number ERC-2009-AdG-249793, http://erc.europa.eu). AJPB is also supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant numbers 080088, 097377, www.wellcome.ac.uk) and the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant number BB/F00513X/1, www.bbsrc.ac.uk). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Subtropical townhouse designs

Unbuilt architectural designs as typological research into small-footprint subtropical housing models

A Censored Multinomial Regression Model for Perinatal Mother to Child Transmission of HIV

In studies designed to estimate rates of perinatal mother to child transmission of HIV, HIV assays are scheduled at multiple points in time. Still infection status for some infants at some time points is often unknown, particularly when interim analyses are conducted. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression are commonly used to estimate covariate-adjusted transmission rates, but their methods for handling missing data may be inadequate. Here, we propose using censored multinomial regression models to estimate cumulative and conditional rates of HIV transmission. Through simulation, we show that the proposed methods perform better than standard logistic models in terms of bias, mean squared error, coverage probability, and power, under a range of treatment effect and visit process scenarios

STEM Inqueery: How Communion and Femininity Affects LGBTQ Individuals’ Belonging in STEM that Affects Their Motivation to Pursue STEM

Despite the growth in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields in the United States, only 60% of STEM majors complete their degrees. Although STEM is stereotyped as a cis (same gender as birth), straight male, agentic (self-focused), and not communal (other-oriented) field, the inclusion of communion in STEM boosts STEM motivation. Since LGBTQ students highly value communion and LGB(T)Q students are less likely than non-LGB(T)Q students to stay in STEM, we explored whether LGBTQ individuals’ desire for communal opportunities or feminine gender expression shapes their belonging or expectations for success in STEM which in turn affects their (future) motivation to pursue STEM. We collected data from 204 participants (125 non-LGBTQ women, 79 LGBTQ individuals) at University of North Florida. For LGBTQ individuals, their feminine gender expression negatively affected their belonging in STEM, which positively affected their (future) motivation to pursue STEM. While for non-LGBTQ women and LGBTQ individuals, perceived communal opportunities within STEM positively affected expectations for success in STEM, and subsequently positively affected their (future) motivation to pursue STEM. In conclusion, feminine expression was only a factor for LGBTQ individuals, not non-LGBTQ women, and only with the belonging path; communal opportunities was only predictive for the expectations for success path. We are going to explore this model in our second study. Audio Playe

Interdisciplinary Dissertation Research Among Public Health Doctoral Trainees, 2003-2015

Given the call for more interdisciplinary research in public health, the objectives of this study were to (1) examine the correlates of interdisciplinary dissertation completion and (2) identify secondary fields most common among interdisciplinary public health graduates. METHODS: We analyzed pooled cross-sectional data from 11 120 doctoral graduates in the Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2003-2015. The primary outcome was interdisciplinary dissertation completion. Covariates included primary public health field, sociodemographic characteristics, and institutional attributes. RESULTS: From 2003 to 2015, a total of 4005 of 11 120 (36.0%) doctoral graduates in public health reported interdisciplinary dissertations, with significant increases observed in recent years. Compared with general public health graduates, graduates of environmental health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.74; P < .001) and health services administration (OR = 1.38; P < .001) doctoral programs were significantly more likely to report completing interdisciplinary dissertation work, whereas graduates from biostatistics (OR = 0.51; P < .001) and epidemiology (OR = 0.76; P < .001) were less likely to do so. Completing an interdisciplinary dissertation was associated with being male, a non-US citizen, a graduate of a private institution, and a graduate of an institution with high but not the highest level of research activity. Many secondary dissertation fields reported by interdisciplinary graduates included other public health fields. CONCLUSION: Although interdisciplinary dissertation research among doctoral graduates in public health has increased in recent years, such work is bounded in certain fields of public health and certain types of graduates and institutions. Academic administrators and other stakeholders may use these results to inform greater interdisciplinary activity during doctoral training and to evaluate current and future collaborations across departments or schools