Employer Liability for Supervisors\u27 Intentional Torts: The Uncertain Scope of the Alter Ego Exception

When Illinois employees are the victims of intentional torts by supervisors, can they bring common law tort suits against their employers for these injuries, or are they limited to bringing a claim under the workers\u27 compensation system? This question, which arises with unfortunate reguIarity, lacks a clear answer because both state and federal courts in Illinois are divided over the scope of the alter ego exception to the exclusivity of workers\u27 compensation as the remedy for intentionally inflicted workplace injuries. The Illinois Workers\u27 Compensation Act ( IWCA ) contains exclusivity provisions that mandate that workers\u27 compensation is the sole remedy available to employees for workplace injuries. There are exceptions to the exclusivity rule, including the principle that the rule does not apply if the injury is not accidental

Employer Liability for Supervisors\u27 Intentional Torts: The Uncertain Scope of the Alter Ego Exception

When Illinois employees are the victims of intentional torts by supervisors, can they bring common law tort suits against their employers for these injuries, or are they limited to bringing a claim under the workers\u27 compensation system? This question, which arises with unfortunate reguIarity, lacks a clear answer because both state and federal courts in Illinois are divided over the scope of the alter ego exception to the exclusivity of workers\u27 compensation as the remedy for intentionally inflicted workplace injuries. The Illinois Workers\u27 Compensation Act ( IWCA ) contains exclusivity provisions that mandate that workers\u27 compensation is the sole remedy available to employees for workplace injuries. There are exceptions to the exclusivity rule, including the principle that the rule does not apply if the injury is not accidental

Regional Architecture as an Expression of State Identity: Early State Government Buildings in the Honolulu Civic Center

The decades after the war brought a great many changes to the state of Hawaii as clearly visible in the architecture of the Honolulu Civic Center. Of the different agencies represented, the Hawaii state buildings constructed after 1959 in the in the Civic Center are examples of significant changes in a more regional architecture customary in earlier Hawaiian governmental design. There was an effort to create an appropriate form of government architecture for the islands since the mid 1910s by adapting styles from other temperate areas, like southern California, to Hawaiiʼs unique climate. But with the inclusion of Hawaii into the Union in 1959, there was a concern among architects that these older and often Spanish Mission style government buildings lacked a true “Hawaiian” character muddling its image as a new state. In the construction of new state buildings post-statehood, there was a conscious effort to create a regional architecture appropriate for Hawaiiʼs climate and representative of its people. As a result, buildings blended indoor and outdoor environments, utilized sunshades, and were oriented to take advantage of trade winds while incorporating local materials and art. These buildings were deliberate in their designs and represent peopleʼs aspirations for Hawaii in the early years after statehood. As buildings in so many temperate zones, these buildings are becoming the victim of changes in perception and expectations. They are dismissed and under threat of insensitive alterations and in one case demolition. This thesis intends to set the stage for their regional significance, seeks to explain how their designs emerged, and why they are to be preserved as important testimony to the stateʼs history

Implementation of a School-Based HIV Prevention Curriculum Following National Dissemination in Nyanza Province, Kenya

Background: Primary School Action for Better Health (PSABH) became the national HIV prevention curriculum of Kenya in 2005.Objective: To examined implementation of PSABH and student risk behaviours.Setting: Muhuru, a rural division of Nyanza Province.Subjects: One thousand one hundred and forty six students aged 9-21 years from six primary schools in Muhuru.Outcome measures: Anonymous surveys were administered to assess students’ exposure to PSABH curriculum components, sexual activity, condom use, and self-efficacy related to engaging in lower risk behaviours.Results: The six schools implementing PSABH were not implementing the full curriculum. Fifty-five percent of males and 44% of females reported a history of sexual activity. For females, condom self-efficacy was related to lower risk behaviour , while HIV education during pastoral instruction was associated with higher risk. Boys who reported higher self-efficacy and learning about abstinence strategies engaged in lower risk behaviour , while exposure to HIV education in assemblies and communication with relatives about HIV was associated with higher risk.Conclusion: Previous studies documented benefits of PSABH. However, it is unclear how effective the curriculum is after national scale-up. In this community, PSABH was implemented at a low level, with some curriculum components associated with higher risk behaviour , calling into question how PSABH is being delivered. Future studies should examine effective strategies for ongoing support, monitoring, and evaluation. Successfully disseminating evidence-based prevention strategies could reduce HIV incidence and the burden on healthcare providers struggling to care forpeople living with HIV/AIDS

Between a hygiene rock and a hygienic hard place:Avoiding SARS-CoV-2 while needing environmental exposures for immunity

Suboptimal understanding of concepts related to hygiene by the general public, clinicians and researchers is a persistent problem in health and medicine. Although hygiene is necessary to slow or prevent deadly pandemics of infectious disease such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), hygiene can have unwanted effects. In particular, some aspects of hygiene cause a loss of biodiversity from the human body, characterized by the almost complete removal of intestinal worms (helminths) and protists. Research spanning more than half a century documents that this loss of biodiversity results in an increased propensity for autoimmune disease, allergic disorders, probably neuropsychiatric problems and adverse reactions to infectious agents. The differences in immune function between communities with and communities without helminths have become so pronounced that the reduced lethality of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in low-income countries compared to high-income countries was predicted early in the COVID-19 pandemic. This prediction, based on the maladaptive immune responses observed in many cases of COVID-19 in high-income countries, is now supported by emerging data from low-income countries. Herein, hygiene is subdivided into components involving personal choice versus components instituted by community wide systems such as sewage treatment facilities and water treatment plants. The different effects of personal hygiene and systems hygiene are described, and appropriate measures to alleviate the adverse effects of hygiene without losing the benefits of hygiene are discussed. Finally, text boxes are provided to function as stand-alone, public-domain handouts with the goal of informing the public about hygiene and suggesting solutions for biomedical researchers and policy makers. Lay Summary: Hygiene related to sewer systems and other technology can have adverse effects on immune function, and is distinct from personal hygiene practices such as hand washing and social distancing. Dealing with the drawbacks of hygiene must be undertaken without compromising the protection from infectious disease imposed by hygiene

A hisztériával kapcsolatos diskurzusok tanulságai a szomatizációs jelenségek és a betegségmagatartás megértéséhez = The relevance of discourses about hysteria in the understanding of somatization phenomena and illness behaviour

Napjainkban a magatartástudományok képviselőinek egyszerre kell számolniuk a betegségekkel kapcsolatos bizonyosság és tudás konfliktusait előhívó medikalizációs-technicizációs orvostudományi tendenciákkal és a társadalomtudományok ezekre reflektáló, kritikai és „posztmodern” megközelítéseivel. Ebből adódóan igen fontos kihívásként jelentkezik az interdiszciplináris megközelítés szükségessége. Különösen így van ez a nehezen definiálható betegségek - a szomatizációs és pszichoszomatikus zavarok - esetében, ahol a betegségmagatartás gyakorlati problémái, továbbá a tünetek, a diagnózisok és a szenvedés „valódiságának” episztemológiai kérdései egyszerre vannak jelen. Az utóbbi másfél évtized kritikai társadalomtudományi kutatásaiban rendkívüli figyelmet kapott a szomatizációs zavarok és a klasszikus pszichoszomatikus kórképek elődjének számító hisztéria kérdésköre. A tanulmány a szakmai és laikus szóhasználatban nem hivatalosan máig tovább élő betegséggel kapcsolatos társadalomtudományi és orvosi megközelítések közül azokat mutatja be, amelyek szempontokkal szolgálhatnak a szomatizációs és pszichoszomatikus kórképek, valamint a velük kapcsolatos érzelmi és viselkedéses reakciók elemzéséhez és megértéséhez

Gender effects in spatial orientation: cognitive profiles and mental strategies

Experimental evidence and meta-analyses offer some support for gender-related differences in visuo-spatial ability. However, few studies addressed this issue in an ecological context and/or in everyday tasks implying spatial abilities, such as geographical orientation. Moreover, the relation of specific strategies and gender is still unclear. In the present investigation, we compared men and women in a newly designed battery of spatial orientation tasks in which landmark, route and survey knowledge were considered. In addition, four visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) tasks were presented. Significant differences favouring men in VSWM tasks were reported, supporting existing evidence. However, men and women did not significantly differ in orientation tasks performance. The patterns of correlation between working memory and spatial orientation tasks indicated that men and women used somewhat different strategies in carrying out the orientation tasks. In particular, active processes seem to play a greater role in females' performance, thus confirming the importance of this variable in interpreting gender effect in VSWM tasks. Altogether, results indicate that gender effects could well result from differences in cognitive strategies and support data indicating that adequate training could reduce or eliminate them. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Defining and measuring gender: A social determinant of health whose time has come

This paper contributes to a nascent scholarly discussion of sex and gender as determinants of health. Health is a composite of biological makeup and socioeconomic circumstances. Differences in health and illness patterns of men and women are attributable both to sex, or biology, and to gender, that is, social factors such as powerlessness, access to resources, and constrained roles. Using examples such as the greater life expectancy of women in most of the world, despite their relative social disadvantage, and the disproportionate risk of myocardial infarction amongst men, but death from MI amongst women, the independent and combined associations of sex and gender on health are explored. A model for incorporating gender into epidemiologic analyses is proposed