Understanding Student Cognition Through an Analysis of Their Preconceptions in Physics

Over the last three decades, many studies have been conducted to identify students’ preconceptions on various science topics. It is time now for a synthetic study of preconceptions to enhance our understanding of students’ everyday cognition and to benefit our effort in developing effective instructional inventions for conceptual change. Through a classroom-based study, we collected quantitative and qualitative data about students’ preconceptions in physics. Data analysis produced an in-depth understanding of the features of students’ preconceptions and cognition. For example, we found that students thought analogically as scientists did, but they used analogies differently. We also found that students’ preconceptions were highly correlated and that some preconceptions were more fundamental than others. Having the core preconception probably means having many others. The pedagogical and research implications of these findings are highlighted.Plusieurs études ont porté sur l’identification des idées préconçues qu’ont les élèves face à divers thèmes en sciences. Il faut maintenant passer à une synthèse de ces préconceptions pour améliorer notre connaissance du niveau de compréhension des élèves, d’une part, et pour appuyer nos efforts visant le développement de matériel pédagogique efficace qui mènera à des changements conceptuels, d’autre part. Une étude basée dans la salle de classe a permis aux auteurs de recueillir des données quantitatives et qualitatives sur les idées préconçues qu’ont les élèves au sujet de la physique. L’analyse des données a fourni des informations détaillées sur les caractéristiques des préconceptions et de la cognition des élèves. Par exemple, nous avons appris que les élèves raisonnent par analogie tout comme les scientifiques, mais que les deux groupes ne se servent pas des analogies de la même façon. De plus, nous avons noté une grande corrélation parmi les préconceptions des élèves et avons découvert que certaines préconceptions étaient plus fondamentales que d’autres. Il est probable que quand on tient la préconception de base, l’on en tient également plusieurs autres. Nous soulignons les répercussions de ces conclusions, tant pour la pédagogie que la recherche

3-(Benzo[b]thien-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-oxathiazine 4-Oxide

The title compound, C₁₁H₉NO₂S₂, is a potent material preservative and contains the 1,4,2-oxathiazine ring system in a half-chair conformation with the methylene C atoms 0.510 (3) and -0.367 (3) Å from the plane of the other four oxathiazine ring atoms

LEO and the Big Blue Marble, a Bad Combination for Albedo Errors

Almost all satellites fly Sunsensors for launch and early orbit (LEOP) and safe mode operations. More than 90% of these are analogue Sunsensors with either an analogue or digital interface. The later are quite often referred to as digital Sunsensors but contrary to a true digital Sunsensor, analogue Sunsensors with a digital interface are still largely affected by albedo generated error signals. Depending on the positioning of the sensor on the satellite, the satellites altitude, and the local node time, albedo errors can lead to significant measurement inaccuracies. This paper describes some research into albedo induced errors in analogue fine Sunsensors as performed while using the data generated by the NAPA-2 satellite. This Satellite was built and is operated by ISISpace. This 6 unit Cubesat has one Auriga startracker and three MAUS Sunsensors on board allowing to compare the startracker determined attitude with the Sunsensor determined attitude. Although the study results are far from complete, preliminary results shown a strong influence of the Earth’s albedo on the measurement accuracy of the Sunsensor

Multi-Spectral Imaging from LEO: High-Resolution Images and Data from the NAPA-2 Turn-Key Mission

Napa-2 is a 6U Earth observation satellite flying the Simera Sense MultiScape 100CIS: a 7-band multi-spectral line-scan imager. Together with an on-ground calibration and processing chain from Pinkmatter Solutions, the Napa-2 system can deliver high-quality multi-spectral line scan images at an impressive ground sampling distance of 5m. After its launch and deployment in July 2021, hundreds of line scan images have been taken and valuable (and critical) data was obtained from the spacecraft platform related to attitude and control and timing. Imperative to the success of obtaining high-quality images, was the implementation of the newly developed ISISPACE Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS). Line scan images were acquired under different conditions, such as simple flyovers, target pointing, and while executing forward-motion compensation maneuvers. The latter included imaging while the ground speed was reduced up to 50 times! In addition, time-delayed integration was applied in various levels to find the optimal signal-to-noise ratio. With the demand for hyper-spectral imaging from CubeSats, ISISPACE believes that the operational experience gained with multi-spectral imaging in combination with the attitude and orbital control system is vital to be able to educate future customers on the optical performance they can expect

Rate dependencies and energy absorption characteristics of nanoreinforced, biofiber, and microcellular polymer composites

The effects of loading rate on bio‐, nano‐, and microcellular composite systems have been studied. Fiber–resin systems have been manufactured and dynamically tested at various speeds to assess their strain‐rate dependencies (rate hardening) and energy‐dissipation characteristics compared to conventional materials. The following composite systems have been fabricated and studied: polypropylene/sisal fiber biocomposite, hemp/vinyl ester biocomposite, thermoplastic olefin/nanoclay composite, microcellular polypropylene/sisal fiber biocomposite, and microcellular thermoplastic olefin/nanoclay composite. It has been determined that the biocomposite systems studied possess unique energy dissipation characteristics and muted rate dependence, while the nanocomposite system did not. In addition, microcellular foaming of these materials further enhanced the effects. Though the exact mechanisms at play are not fully understood at this point, it has been found that in addition to the microcellular voids, the anatomical vasculature of the natural fibers may play a role in energy dissipation processes in these hybrid materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics EngineersPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87107/1/21169_ftp.pd

Early onset facioscapulohumeral dystrophy - a systematic review using individual patient data

Infantile or early onset is estimated to occur in around 10% of all facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) patients. Although small series of early onset FSHD patients have been reported, comprehensive data on the clinical phenotype is missing. We performed a systematic literature search on the clinical features of early onset FSHD comprising a total of 43 articles with individual data on 227 patients. Additional data from four cohorts was provided by the authors. Mean age at reporting was 18.8 years, and 40% of patients were wheelchair-dependent at that age. Half of the patients had systemic features, including hearing loss (40%), retinal abnormalities (37%) and developmental delay (8%). We found an inverse correlation between repeat size and disease severity, similar to adult-onset FSHD. De novo FSHD1 mutations were more prevalent than in adult-onset FSHD. Compared to adult FSHD, our findings indicate that early onset FSHD is overall characterized by a more severe muscle phenotype and a higher prevalence of systemic features. However, similar as in adults, a significant clinical heterogeneity was observed. Based on this, we consider early onset FSHD to be on the severe end of the FSHD disease spectrum. We found natural history studies and treatment studies to be very scarce in early onset FSHD, therefore longitudinal studies are needed to improve prognostication, clinical management and trial-readiness

Health Economic Assessment: A Methodological Primer

This review article aims to provide an introduction to the methodology of health economic assessment of a health technology. Attention is paid to defining the fundamental concepts and terms that are relevant to health economic assessments. The article describes the methodology underlying a cost study (identification, measurement and valuation of resource use, calculation of costs), an economic evaluation (type of economic evaluation, the cost-effectiveness plane, trial- and model-based economic evaluation, discounting, sensitivity analysis, incremental analysis), and a budget impact analysis. Key references are provided for those readers who wish a more advanced understanding of health economic assessments

Deprotonation of large calixarenes-cation binding and conformations

© 2016 CSIRO. Single crystal X-ray studies of p-t-butylcalix[10]arene·2dmso·7H2O (1) and [NMe4][p-t-butylcalix[9]arene-H]·2dmso·H2O (2), provide new data on these large macrocycles and their conformations, that of 2 being the first where an encapsulated [NMe4]+ cation is present, while 1 contains the neutral ligand. Both were obtained as crystalline products of the reactions of the calixarenes with tetramethylammonium hydroxide after prolonged standing. The structure of [NEt4][calix[4]arene-H], in which the cation approaches inclusion in the shallow cone of the anion, is also defined and compared with various other alkylammonium derivatives of calixarenes as well as that of p-t-butylcalix[9]arene