A New Combination in Acmispon (Fabaceae: Loteae) for California

The new combination Acmispon argophyllus (A.Gray) Brouillet var. niveus (Greene) Brouillet is made

Relating Fragile States to Social and Human Fragilities

Fragile States is a way of naming this particular category of states that have weak performance, insufficient service delivery, weak administrative and government power, and lack of legal rules. Little consideration is usually made to the fact that their own societies may also be fragile and easily jeopardised by inappropriate economic measures or external events. Poverty traps and social exclusion, unjust inequalities with lack of equity, feelings of insecurity and vulnerability, usually undermine the social fabric. Moreover, the people bear their own internal fragilities, which are based on the lack of capabilities and recognition, and interfere in the relationships between the groups that constitute the society. Therefore, dealing with the issue of fragility requires to consider various decision levels, from the personal one to the State level. Such an approach could allow fragile states to conceive preventive policies that would avoid the surge of a political crisis resulting from the combination of social conflict and individual failure.La notion d’Etats fragiles permet de caractériser des pays dont le pouvoir de gouvernement est faible, le cadre juridique et légal insuffisant, l’administration peu efficace et, en conséquence, la délivrance de services publics insuffisante. Mais elle prend peu en compte le fait que leurs propres sociétés peuvent aussi être fragiles et facilement détruites par des mesures economiques inappropriées ou par des événements extérieurs. Ainsi, les trappes à pauvreté, les structures d’inégalité pérennes, l’absence d’équité, de même que l’exclusion sociale, le sentiment d’insécurité et de vulnérabilité, ont tous pour effet de miner la cohésion sociale. De plus, les gens eux-mêmes, au sein d’une société donnée, portent aussi leur propres fragilités internes, basées sur un manque de capabilité et de reconnaissance, et ceci interfère dans les relations sociales. Si bien que si l’on veut aborder le problème de la fragilité dans toute sa dimension, il faut alors prendre en compte l’articulation des différents niveaux d’analyse où cette fragilité se déploie, du niveau personnel au niveau propre à l’Etat. L’intérêt d’une telle démarche est qu’elle permet aux Etats fragiles de concevoir des mesures de politique préventives qui leur permettraient d’éviter l’apparition de crises politiques graves, comme conséquence de la combinaison de situations sociales conflictuelles et d’échecs individualisés

Encephalopathy induced by Alzheimer brain inoculation in a non-human primate.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by cognitive alterations, cerebral atrophy and neuropathological lesions including neuronal loss, accumulation of misfolded and aggregated β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and tau proteins. Iatrogenic induction of Aβ is suspected in patients exposed to pituitary-derived hormones, dural grafts, or surgical instruments, presumably contaminated with Aβ. Induction of Aβ and tau lesions has been demonstrated in transgenic mice after contamination with Alzheimer's disease brain homogenates, with very limited functional consequences. Unlike rodents, primates naturally express Aβ or tau under normal conditions and attempts to transmit Alzheimer pathology to primates have been made for decades. However, none of earlier studies performed any detailed functional assessments. For the first time we demonstrate long term memory and learning impairments in a non-human primate (Microcebus murinus) following intracerebral injections with Alzheimer human brain extracts. Animals inoculated with Alzheimer brain homogenates displayed progressive cognitive impairments (clinical tests assessing cognitive and motor functions), modifications of neuronal activity (detected by electroencephalography), widespread and progressive cerebral atrophy (in vivo MRI assessing cerebral volume loss using automated voxel-based analysis), neuronal loss in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (post mortem stereology). They displayed parenchymal and vascular Aβ depositions and tau lesions for some of them, in regions close to the inoculation sites. Although these lesions were sparse, they were never detected in control animals. Tau-positive animals had the lowest performances in a memory task and displayed the greatest neuronal loss. Our study is timely and important as it is the first one to highlight neuronal and clinical dysfunction following inoculation of Alzheimer's disease brain homogenates in a primate. Clinical signs in a chronic disease such as Alzheimer take a long time to be detectable. Documentation of clinical deterioration and/or dysfunction following intracerebral inoculations with Alzheimer human brain extracts could lead to important new insights about Alzheimer initiation processes

NEW REPORTS OF EURYBIA AND ASTER S.STR. (ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE) FROM CALIFORNIA, IDAHO, AND WYOMING

Volume: 21Start Page: 459End Page: 46

MICRANTHES NELSONIANA VAR. PORSILDIANA (SAXIFRAGACEAE), THE PROPER NAME AT THE VARIETAL LEVEL

Volume: 2Start Page: 395End Page: 39

NEW COMBINATION IN EURYBIA (ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA

Volume: 20Start Page: 1561End Page: 156

THE TAXONOMY OF NORTH AMERICAN LOTI (FABACEAE: LOTEAE): NEW NAMES IN ACMISPON AND HOSACKIA

Volume: 2Start Page: 387End Page: 39

LYONOTHAMNEAE, A NEW TRIBE IN THE ROSACEAE (ROSALES)

Volume: 2Start Page: 385End Page: 38

NEW COMBINATIONS IN MICRANTHES (A SEGREGATE OF SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGACEAE) IN NORTH AMERICA

Volume: 1Start Page: 1019End Page: 102