How lasting are the effects of pesticides on earwigs? A study based on energy metabolism, body weight and morphometry in two generations of Forficula auricularia from apple orchards

International audienceWidespread use of pesticides to control pests is the dominant system in conventional apple orchards. To avoid adverse side effects, there is a growing interest in promoting alternative methods including biological control based on the use of natural enemies. The European earwig Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficuidae) is an effective predator in apple orchards. Pesticide pressure has been shown to divert energy resources which could have a negative impact on life history traits. In this study we assessed (i) whether variations in pesticide exposure could differentially impact energy reserves, body weight and morphometric parameters of F. auricularia, and (ii) whether these effects persist into the next generation reared under optimal conditions. Individuals from the first generation were collected in late October from organic, IPM and conventional orchards. The next generation was obtained under a rearing program, in the absence of pesticide exposure. Earwigs collected from conventional orchards exhibited lower values for all morphometric parameters compared to those collected in organic orchards. However, a relaxed period without pesticide exposure (in autumn) appears to have allowed the females to recover their energy reserves to ensure reproduction and maternal care. Glycogen contents were the reserves that were more easily restored. However, probably due to the rearing conditions (food ad libitum), all the earwigs from the second generation exhibited higher body weights and energy reserves than their parents

Role of soil texture and earthworm casts on the restoration of soil enzyme activities after exposure to an organophosphorus insecticide

International audiencePesticides exert important effects on the soil fauna and health. However, little is known about the interactions of soil, microorganisms and earthworms in the presence of pesticides and about their respective roles in the soil biological activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the soil type on enzyme activities, measured in bulk soil and in casts of two earthworm species, after exposure to the organophosphorus pesticide parathion. To this aim, two endogeic earthworm species (Apporectodea caliginosa and Allolobophora chlorotica) were cross-acclimated in two different soil textures (each representing the most favorable soil environment for that spe-cies). Enzyme activities were measured as a soil quality indicator in samples of bulk soil (collected at day 4 and day 7 of exposure to parathion) and in earthworm casts (collected at day 7). A short exposure (4 days) to parathion significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.001) inhibited carboxylesterases (25-43 % of inhibition) and alkaline phosphatase (-23 % of inhibition). At day 7 of exposure, parathion impact on the overall soil enzyme activities mainly depended on the soil texture. Indeed, activity inhibition was higher (ANOVA, p < 0.001) in silt-clay soil (decrease by 37 %) than in silt-loamy soil (decrease by-18 %). Conversely, parathion effect was not influenced by earthworm presence/absence and earthworm species. However, after soil exposure to parathion, earthworms (both species) improved enzyme activity restoration in their casts

Elucidating pesticide sensitivity of two endogeic earthworm species through the interplay between esterases and glutathione S-transferases

International audienceEarthworms are common organisms in soil toxicity-testing framework, and endogeic species are currently recommended due to their ecological role in agroecosystem. However, little is known on their pesticide metabolic capacities. We firstly compared the baseline activity of B-esterases and glutathione-5-transferase in Allolobophora chlorotica and Aporrectodea caliginosa. Secondly, vulnerability of these species to pesticide exposure was assessed by in vitro trials using the organophosphate (OP) chlorpyrifosethyl-oxon (CPOx) and ethyl-paraoxon (POx), and by short-term (7 days) in vivo metabolic responses in soil contaminated with pesticides. Among B-esterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was abundant in the microsomal fraction (80% and 70% of total activity for A. caliginosa and A. chlorotica, respectively). Carboxylesterase (CbE) activities were measured using three substrates to examine species differences in isoenzyme and sensitivity to both in vitro and in vivo exposure. CbEs were mainly found in the cytosolic fraction (80% and 60% for A. caliginosa and A. chlorotica respectively). GST was exclusively found in the soluble fraction for both species. Both OPs inhibited B-esterases in a concentration-dependent manner. In vitro trials revealed a pesticide-specific response, being A. chlorotica AChE more sensitive to CPOx compared to POx. CbE activity was inhibited at the same extent in both species. The 7d exposure showed A. chlorotica less sensitive to both OPs, which contrasted with outcomes from in vitro experiments. This non-related functional between both approaches for assessing pesticide toxicity suggests that other mechanisms linked with in vivo OP bioactivation and excretion could have a significant role in the OP toxicity in endogeic earthworms

Low phosphate activates STOP1-ALMT1 to rapidly inhibit root cell elongation

International audienceEnvironmental cues profoundly modulate cell proliferation and cell elongation to inform and direct plant growth and development. External phosphate (Pi) limitation inhibits primary root growth in many plant species. However, the underlying Pi sensory mechanisms are unknown. Here we genetically uncouple two Pi sensing pathways in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana. First, the rapid inhibition of cell elongation in the transition zone is controlled by transcription factor STOP1, by its direct target, ALMT1, encoding a malate channel, and by ferroxidase LPR1, which together mediate Fe and peroxidase-dependent cell wall stiffening. Second, during the subsequent slow inhibition of cell proliferation in the apical meristem, which is mediated by LPR1-dependent, but largely STOP1–ALMT1-independent, Fe and callose accumulate in the stem cell niche, leading to meristem reduction. Our work uncovers STOP1 and ALMT1 as a signalling pathway of low Pi availability and exuded malate as an unexpected apoplastic inhibitor of root cell wall expansion