China men, United States v. Wong Kim Ark, and the question of citizenship

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The construction of privacy in and around "The Bostonians"

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Literary Cultures of the Civil War

Literary scholars give far less attention to the Civil War and especially Reconstruction than do historians. Nonetheless, a revival is underway. Timothy Sweet’s Literary Cultures of the Civil War collects some of the best work being done. His superb introduction traces developments from the centennial to recent sesquicentennial celebrations of the Civil War. For the centennial, Robert Penn Warren, Daniel Aaron, and Edmund Wilson produced synthetic narratives that caught the attention of a wide public

Renewable Energy and Human Rights Violations: Illustrative Cases from Indigenous Territories in Panama

Local implementation of international climate policies is frequently obscure. The objective of our research is to unpack the black box of carbon offsetting as it is being conducted in Latin American indigenous territories. Our two case studies of renewable energy projects under construction in Naso and Ngobe villages in western Panama show that carbon offsets in oppressive societies have the potential to cause social harm. Our cases illustrate processes of green authoritarianism, spatial control, and social restructuring. The private developers constructing the Chan 75 and Bonyic dams did not follow international standards for free, prior, and informed consent, and state agencies reinforced private rights with physical violence. As the hydro developers await decisions on their applications for verification under the Clean Development Mechanism (COM), we recommend COM procedural reforms to assure respect for human rights, including the special rights codified in the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. If not, project developers could use low-carbon objectives to justifY social oppression

Carbon Credits

A carbon credit is an allowance or offset equal to one metric ton of carbon dioxide (C02) or other greenhouse gas (GHG) equivalent calculated in tons of C02. Carbon markets allow individuals, companies, or states to finance emissions reductions in other locations, for example, through projects that create or promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, or reforestation, as a means to lower their own carbon footprint. Trade of carbon credits within compliance and voluntary markets is a multibillion-dollar enterprise that makes up a cornerstone of international efforts to combat climate change. Buying and selling emissions allowances often means that mitigation can be achieved at lower costs

What Can Quantitative Gait Analysis Tell Us about Dementia and Its Subtypes? A Structured Review

Distinguishing dementia subtypes can be difficult due to similarities in clinical presentation. There is increasing interest in discrete gait characteristics as markers to aid diagnostic algorithms in dementia. This structured review explores the differences in quantitative gait characteristics between dementia and healthy controls, and between four dementia subtypes under single-task conditions: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia, and vascular dementia. Twenty-six papers out of an initial 5,211 were reviewed and interpreted using a validated model of gait. Dementia was associated with gait characteristics grouped by slower pace, impaired rhythm, and increased variability compared to normal aging. Only four studies compared two or more dementia subtypes. People with AD are less impaired in pace, rhythm, and variability domains of gait compared to non-AD dementias. Results demonstrate the potential of gait as a clinical marker to discriminate between dementia subtypes. Larger studies using a more comprehensive battery of gait characteristics and better characterized dementia sub-types are required

Parts related to wholes and the nature of subaltern opposition

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CH\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e and δ\u3csup\u3e18\u3c/sup\u3eO of O\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: A clue for stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores

The suggestion of climatic instability during the last interglacial period (Eem), based on the bottom 10% of the Greenland Ice core Project (GRIP) isotopic profile, has been questioned because the bottom record from the neighboring Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) core (28 km away) is strikingly different over the same interval and because records of the δ18O of atmospheric O2 from both cores showed unexpected rapid fluctuations. Here we present detailed methane records from the Vostok (Antarctica), GRIP, and GISP2 cores over the relevant intervals. The GRIP and GISP2 data show rapid and large changes in methane concentration, which are correlative with variations of the δ18O of the ice, while the Vostok record shows no such variations. This discrepancy reinforces the suggestion that the bottom sections of the Greenland records are disturbed. By combining the methane data with measurements of δ18O of O2 in the same samples, we attempt to constrain the nature of the stratigraphic disturbance and the age of the analyzed ice samples. Our results suggest that ice layers from part of the last interglacial period exist in the lower section of both ice cores and that some of the apparent climate instabilities in the GRIP core would be the result of a mixture of ice from the last interglacial with ice from the beginning of the last glaciation or from the penultimate glaciation