Un défi des gestionnaires du territoire : comment composer avec les différentes définitions des risques?

Dans les pays en développement, où les territoires présentent de multiples facteurs de vulnérabilité et où l'exposition à des dangers divers et nombreux sont des phénomènes quotidiens, la mise en place de mesures visant à contrebalancer ces phénomènes devient un enjeu difficile à réaliser. Dans cette perspective, il s'agit d'étudier, à travers les pratiques des acteurs, quels sont les éléments qui permettent de définir les risques et les actions à entreprendre. Les acteurs doivent négocier ou même imposer la légitimité de leurs vulnérabilités dans un jeu de négociations, d'arbitrages et de conflits. Le cas d'étude à San Cristóbal, Guatemala, permet d'analyser les différentes solutions proposées sous l'angle des vulnérabilités en jeu. Nous montrons que la prise en compte des vulnérabilités influence la lecture de l'équation du risque des acteurs concernés et conditionne le champ des solutions possibles. Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent que le risque n'est pas univoque mais qu'il est le résultat d'un choix et des calculs faits par les acteurs. Pour cette raison, les mesures à entreprendre dépendent des compromis élaborés entre les acteurs

Testing fluvial erosion models using the transient response of bedrock rivers to tectonic forcing in the Apennines, Italy

The transient response of bedrock rivers to a drop in base level can be used to discriminate between competing fluvial erosion models. However, some recent studies of bedrock erosion conclude that transient river long profiles can be approximately characterized by a transport‐limited erosion model, while other authors suggest that a detachment‐limited model best explains their field data. The difference is thought to be due to the relative volume of sediment being fluxed through the fluvial system. Using a pragmatic approach, we address this debate by testing the ability of end‐member fluvial erosion models to reproduce the well‐documented evolution of three catchments in the central Apennines (Italy) which have been perturbed to various extents by an independently constrained increase in relative uplift rate. The transport‐limited model is unable to account for the catchments’response to the increase in uplift rate, consistent with the observed low rates of sediment supply to the channels. Instead, a detachment‐limited model with a threshold corresponding to the field‐derived median grain size of the sediment plus a slope‐dependent channel width satisfactorily reproduces the overall convex long profiles along the studied rivers. Importantly, we find that the prefactor in the hydraulic scaling relationship is uplift dependent, leading to landscapes responding faster the higher the uplift rate, consistent with field observations. We conclude that a slope‐ dependent channel width and an entrainment/erosion threshold are necessary ingredients when modeling landscape evolution or mapping the distribution of fluvial erosion rates in areas where the rate of sediment supply to channels is low

Nanoscale surface topography reshapes neuronal growth in culture

International audienceNeurons are sensitive to topographical cues provided either by in vivo or in vitro environments on the micrometric scale. We have explored the role of randomly distributed silicon nanopillars on primary hippocampal neurite elongation and axonal differentiation. We observed that neurons adhere on the upper part of nanopillars with a typical distance between adhesion points of about 500 nm. These neurons produce fewer neurites, elongate faster, and differentiate an axon earlier than those grown on flat silicon surfaces. Moreover, when confronted with a differential surface topography, neurons specify an axon preferentially on nanopillars. As a whole, these results highlight the influence of the physical environment in many aspects of neuronal growth

Norovirus infection results in eIF2α independent host translation shut-off and remodels the G3BP1 interactome evading stress granule formation.

Viral infections impose major stress on the host cell. In response, stress pathways can rapidly deploy defence mechanisms by shutting off the protein synthesis machinery and triggering the accumulation of mRNAs into stress granules to limit the use of energy and nutrients. Because this threatens viral gene expression, viruses need to evade these pathways to propagate. Human norovirus is responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Here we examined how norovirus interacts with the eIF2α signaling axis controlling translation and stress granules. While norovirus infection represses host cell translation, our mechanistic analyses revealed that eIF2α signaling mediated by the stress kinase GCN2 is uncoupled from translational stalling. Moreover, infection results in a redistribution of the RNA-binding protein G3BP1 to replication complexes and remodelling of its interacting partners, allowing the avoidance from canonical stress granules. These results define novel strategies by which norovirus undergo efficient replication whilst avoiding the host stress response and manipulating the G3BP1 interactome

Dusty core disease (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies

Several morphological phenotypes have been associated to RYR1-recessive myopathies. We recharacterized the RYR1-recessive morphological spectrum by a large monocentric study performed on 54 muscle biopsies from a large cohort of 48 genetically confirmed patients, using histoenzymology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural studies. We also analysed the level of RyR1 expression in patients' muscle biopsies. We defined "dusty cores" the irregular areas of myofibrillar disorganisation characterised by a reddish-purple granular material deposition with uneven oxidative stain and devoid of ATPase activity, which represent the characteristic lesion in muscle biopsy in 54% of patients. We named Dusty Core Disease (DuCD) the corresponding entity of congenital myopathy. Dusty cores had peculiar histological and ultrastructural characteristics compared to the other core diseases. DuCD muscle biopsies also showed nuclear centralization and type1 fibre predominance. Dusty cores were not observed in other core myopathies and centronuclear myopathies. The other morphological groups in our cohort of patients were: Central Core (CCD: 21%), Core-Rod (C&R:15%) and Type1 predominance "plus" (T1P+:10%). DuCD group was associated to an earlier disease onset, a more severe clinical phenotype and a lowest level of RyR1 expression in muscle, compared to the other groups. Variants located in the bridge solenoid and the pore domains were more frequent in DuCD patients. In conclusion, DuCD is the most frequent histopathological presentation of RYR1-recessive myopathies. Dusty cores represent the unifying morphological lesion among the DuCD pathology spectrum and are the morphological hallmark for the recessive form of disease

Spatial variability of African dust in soils in a montane tropical landscape in Puerto Rico

Dust deposition provides rock-derived nutrients such as phosphorus (P) to terrestrial ecosystems. Over pedogenic timescales, as bedrock sources of P are depleted, dust sources of P may support productivity in certain ecosystems, but controls on the spatial variability of dust in montane forested systems are largely unknown. Here, we use neodymium (Nd) isotope ratios in 31 ridgetop surface soils to evaluate the spatial variability of dust contributions to soil across ~ 100 km² in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Dust from the Sahara–Sahel region of Africa carries a distinct isotopic signature of − 12 ε[Subscript Nd]. Local bedrock, in contrast, has a ε[Subscript Nd] value of ~+ 7. End-member mixing calculations based on εNd reveal a wide range in dust influence on surface soils, with between 0% and 92% of the top 20 cm of ridgetop soil Nd derived from African dust. Using ε[Subscript Nd] paired with both dust and soil Nd content, the current soil dust content was calculated, ranging from 0 to 8%. There were no correlations between current dust content of soil and ¹⁰Be-based denudation rate, elevation, rainfall, longitude, or forest type. Current soil dust content in the Luquillo Mountains is significantly higher in soils developed on volcaniclastic sandstone, breccia and mudstone than in soils developed on quartz diorite bedrock, which we attribute to greater retention capacity in the volcaniclastic soils. Current soil dust content also increases with increasing ridge-width, implying that small-scale topographic effects and other factors such as wind speed and turbulence influence local dust deposition rates. Higher current dust content of soil is also positively correlated with biologically cycled fractions of soil P on quartz diorite bedrock (r² = 0.24 and p = 0.002 for sum of extractable NaHCO₃-P + NaOH-P), suggesting that atmospheric dust inputs contribute to the fertility of Luquillo Mountain ecosystems on the relatively P-poor quartz diorite bedrock.Keywords: Luquillo Mountains, African dust, Atmospheric deposition, Beryllium-10, Soil, Phosphorus, Nd isotope