Vascular flora of mountainous areas of northwestern Serbia and Šumadija regions - ecological phytogeographical study

Cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje ukupnog broja taksona u rangu vrsta i podvrsta u flori dela severozapadne Srbije i Šumadije. Na osnovu višegodišnjih terenskih istraživanja i sagledavanja postojeće literaturne građe, formirana je obimna herbarska zbirka i prikupljena velika količina florističkih i ekoloških informacija, uobličenih u vidu baze podataka, koji govore o strukturnim karakteristikama i zakonitostima formiranja flore na pomenutom području. Sistematskim terenskim istraživanjima i na osnovu malobrojnih publikovanih referenci koje se odnose na florističku i fitocenološku literaturu utvrđeno je da floru severozapadne Srbije i Šumadije izgrađuje 1333 taksona u rangu vrste i podvrste svrstanih u 535 rodova i 115 familija. Rezultati ovog rada predstavljaju listu u kojoj je predstavljen svaki pojedinačni takson zabeležen u flori severozapadne Srbije i Šumadije uz navođenje svih lokaliteta na kojima je na navedenom području takson konstatovan. U odnosu na izvore podataka, tip rasprostranjenja i ekološke karakteristike svakog pojedinačnog taksona, prikazan je kritički osvrt na kvalitet i pouzdanost literaturnih podataka koji se odnose na floru ovog područja. Na osnovu opšteg rasprostranjenja, za svaki pojedinačni takson određen je florni element i pripadnost određenom areal tipu i areal grupi. Za svaki takson je određena detaljna životna forma, gde su prikazane i njegove ekološke karakteristike, koje podrazumevaju detaljne karakteristike staništa, dijapazone nadmorskih visina i tipove geološke podloge i vegetacije koje naseljava taj takson na istraživanom području. Od ukupnog broja taksona dominiraju skrivenosemenice sa prisutnih 1302 taksona. Od ovog broja 1070 vrsta i podvrsta pripada klasi Dicotyledones, obuhvatajući 94 familije i 418 rodova. Skrivenosemenice iz klase Monocotyledones predstavljene su sa 12 familija, 100 rodova i 229 vrsta i podvrsta. Pteridophyta obuhvataju 8 familija, 11 rodova i 26 taksona. Klasa Gymnospermae zastupljena je sa svega 2 familije, 6 rodova i 8 vrsta...The objective of this research was to determine the total number of taxa at the level of species and subspecies in the flora of part of north-western Serbia and Šumadija. Based on field and literature surveys conducted over a number of years, an extensive herbarium collection was made and vast amounts of floristic and ecological data were collected and organised in a database on the structural characteristics and patterns of formation of the flora in the study area. As determined by systematic field surveys and based on very few published references available on floristic and phytocoenological data, the flora of north-western Serbia and Šumadija includes 1333 taxa at the level of species and subspecies classified into 535 genera and 115 families. Research results are reported in the form of a list presenting each individual taxon recorded in the flora of north-western Serbia and Šumadija and indicating its locations in the area surveyed. In terms of sources of information and type of distribution and ecological characteristics of each individual taxon, a critical review of the quality and reliability of literature data on the flora of this region is given. Based on their general distribution, the taxa were classified into floral elements, range types and range groups. Detailed life forms were determined for all taxa, with data provided on their ecological characteristics, including detailed habitat characteristics, altitude ranges and types of geological substrate and vegetation inhabited by each individual taxon in the study area. Among the taxa, flowering plants predominate with 1302 taxa, including 1070 species and subspecies that belong to the class Dicotyledones, making up 94 families and 418 genera; and flowering plants of the class Monocotyledones comprising 12 families, 100 genera and 229 species and subspecies. Pteridophyta are represented by 8 families, 11 genera and 26 taxa. Gymnospermae embrace only 2 families, 6 genera and 8 species..

DIVERZITET I ANALIZA KVALITATIVNOG SASTAVA BILJNE ZAJEDNICE STRNIŠTA KAO POTENCIJALNE KRME

In the plant communities on stubble, 25 taxons were determined, classified into 22 genera and 13 families. Of the 7 most pre-stated families, five are present in this micro-company where asteraceae have 6 taxons (27.27%), Lamiaceae five species (20%) and Poaceae three representatives (12%). As feed can be used: Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., Elymus repens (L.) Gould., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L. and Leontodon hispidus L. Potentially toxic to domestic animals are: Colchicum autumnale L., Equisetum arvense L., Equisetum telmateia Ehrh., Ranunculus bulbosus L., Sonhus arvensis L.Publishe

Productivity of natural grassland of the order Arrhenatheretalia depending on nitrogen fertilization level

Natural grasslands are major animal feed resources in the moutainous region of Serbia. Proper use of mineral fertilizers in these grasslands can lead to a multiple increase in productivity. The paper analyzes the effect of NPK fertilizers with different levels of nitrogen (unfertilized - A0; N60:P40:K40 - A1; N100:P40:K40 - A2; N140:P40:K40 - A3) on forage yield and botanical composition of natural grassland of the Arrhenatheretalia order on the slopes of Mount Kopaonik. With the increase of the amount of nitrogen applied in spring from 40 to 80 kg ha-1, forage and hay yields also increased, whereas further increase innitrogen quantity to 120 kg ha-1 resulted in the absence of the increasing yield trend. In the second cut, there were lower forage and hay yields compared to the first cut. A total of 50 different plant species of 44 genera and 20 families were identified on the grassland. In both cuts, in all fertilized treatments, the grass percentage was significantly higher than the control. The percentage of legumes in the first cut was low, while it significantly decreased in the second crop with the increase in the level of fertilizer. The percentage of other plants was higher in the second cut, as compared to the first one, and it significantly decreased in both cuts with the increase in fertilizer rate

ANALYSIS OF FLORA LIFE FORMS OF THE HILL-MOUNTAIN AREA OF NORTHWESTERN SERBIA AND ŠUMADIJA

The biological spectrum of the flora of a particular area is a complex indicator interdependence of plant life forms and ecological characteristics of the area. The spectra of life forms are a reflection of the adaptation of plants over time. The most common life forms in the flora of the investigated area are hemicryptophytes with 46.6%, followed by therophytes with 18.2% and geophytes with 12.7% taxa. Phanerophytes with 10.4% and hamephytes with 8.3% from less represented life forms. The investigated area is characterized by the largest share of hemicryptophytes, which is a characteristic of the flora of the temperate region, and a slight increase in the presence of geophytes and phanerophytes is noticeable, as opposed to slightly less hamephytes and significantly less hydrophytes.Publishe

ETHNOBOTANICAL REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL PLANT USE IN BANAT, ŠUMADIJA AND ZLATIBOR DISTRICTS

An ethnobotanical study was conducted to document the traditional and local use of plants in the prevention and treatment of diseases in the three administrative districts of the Republic of Serbia, Banat, Sumadija and, Zlatibor. The research aims to point out the similarities and differences in the use of medicinal plants in the examined environments and the time contributed to the preservation of knowledge about the traditional use of plants in these parts of Serbia. Data were collected using an ethnomedical survey in which 79 respondents aged 35-75 participated. The families from which most species are used in traditional medicine are Lamiaceae (17.5%), Rosaceae (13%), Asteraceae (11%).. The largest number of respondents collects herbs (47%) and uses it in the form of tea (43%) for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases.Publishe

PRODUKTIVNOST PRIRODNOG TRAVJAKA REDA ARRHENATHERETALIA U ZAVISNOSTI OD RAZLIČITIH NIVOA ĐUBRENJA AZOTOM

Natural grasslands are major animal feed resources in the moutainous region of Serbia. Proper use of mineral fertilizers in these grasslands can lead to a multiple increase in productivity. The paper analyzes the effect of NPK fertilizers with different levels of nitrogen (unfertilized - A0; N60:P40:K40 - A1; N100:P40:K40 - A2; N140:P40:K40 - A3) on forage yield and botanical composition of natural grassland of the Arrhenatheretalia order on the slopes of Mount Kopaonik. With the increase of the amount of nitrogen applied in spring from 40 to 80 kg ha-1, forage and hay yields also increased, whereas further increase innitrogen quantity to 120 kg ha-1 resulted in the absence of the increasing yield trend. In the second cut, there were lower forage and hay yields compared to the first cut. A total of 50 different plant species of 44 genera and 20 families were identified on the grassland. In both cuts, in all fertilized treatments, the grass percentage was significantly higher than the control. The percentage of legumes in the first cut was low, while it significantly decreased in the second crop with the increase in the level of fertilizer. The percentage of other plants was higher in the second cut, as compared to the first one, and it significantly decreased in both cuts with the increase in fertilizer rate.Publishe

Determination of vitamin C content in different extracts of the Alchemilla vulgaris L.

In recent years, researchers are interested and focused on the identification of bioactive components in plants and food that affects the health, and may also reduce the risk of some diseases. The research of bioactive components, includes very extensive studies both in conventional breeding and biotechnological researches, with special reference to the possibility to increase their content. Alchemilla vulgaris L. is a plant from the Rosaceae family. Recent scientific research has shown that the source prevents the growth of many types of bacteria including staphylococci - a bacterium that has become resistant to many antibiotics. Within the experimental part of this final work, the following analyzes were performed: preparation of macerates, extraction of samples in the Soxlet apparatus, ultrasonic extraction and determining the content of vitamin C in the extracts obtained. In determining the content of vitamin C, we noticed that the highest content of this vitamin, determined in the extract obtained by maceration (9.75 mg / 100 g), was slightly lower in ultrasonic extraction (7.50 mg / 100 g), and the smallest content in Soxhlet- of this extract (3.45 mg / 100 g)

Korišćenje različitih tipova ekstrakata kao biostimulatora u organskoj poljoprivredi

This paper presents the results of the analysis of extracts obtained from: Thymus serpyllum L., Urtica dioica L., Equisetum arvense L. and Achillea millefolium L. Extracts were subjected to the following analyses: determination of total phenols, total flavonoids and anthocyanins, and refractometric determination of soluble solids. The results showed that the content of flavonoids was 0.4710 mg/ml in Urtica dioicа extract, 0.3950 mg/ml in Equisetum arvense extract, 0.2997 mg/ml in Thymus serpyllum extract and 0.1556 mg/ml in Achillea millefolium extract. The highest content of phenolic compounds was found in Thymus serpyllum extract (2.3583 mg/ml), followed by Equisetum arvense (2.2724 mg/ml) and Urtica dioicа extract (2.1374 mg/ml), and the lowest in Achillea millefolium (1.8061 mg/ml). The content of anthocyanins was highest in Urtica dioicа extract (3.966mg/l), followed by Thymus serpyllum (3.715mg/l) and Equisetum arvense (3.549mg/l) extracts, and lowest in Achillea millefolium extract (0.0835mg/l). The soluble solids content was highest in Urtica dioicа and Equisetum arvense (2 BRIX% at 20o C), followed by Thymus serpyllum (1.5 BRIX% at 20o C), and lowest in Achillea millefolium (1 BRIX% at 20o C). The results showed that extracts obtained by maceration contained bioactive components; this study, therefore, provides a basis for further and deeper research on the use of these extracts as potential biostimulators in organic agriculture.Ovaj rad prezentuje rezulate analize ekstrakata dobijenih od: Thymus serpyllum L., Urtica dioica L., Equisetum arvense L. i Achillea millefolium L. Na ekstraktima su rađene sledeće analize: određivanje ukupnih fenola, flavonoida i antocijana, kao i refraktometrijsko određivanje rastvorljivih materija. Rezultati su pokazali da je koncentracija flavonoida bila 0.4710 mg/ml in ekstraktu Urtica dioicа, 0.3950 mg/ml u ekstraktu Equisetum arvense, 0.2997 mg/ml in ekstraktu Thymus serpyllum i 0.1556 mg/ml u ekstraktu Achillea millefolium. Najveći sadržaj fenolnih komponenti je pronađen u ekstraktu Thymus serpyllum (2.3583 mg/ml), zatim u ekstraktima Equisetum arvense (2.2724 mg/ml) i Urtica dioicа (2.1374 mg/ml), a najniži u Achillea millefolium (1.8061 mg/ml). Najveći sadržaj antocijana je pranađen u ekstraktu Urtica dioicа (3.966mg/l), zatim u ekstraktima Thymus serpyllum (3.715mg/l) i Equisetum arvense (3.549mg/l), a najniži u ekstarktu Achillea millefolium (0.0835mg/l). Najveći sadržaj rastvorljivih materija je zabeležen u Urtica dioicа i Equisetum arvense (2 BRIX% na 20o C), zatim u Thymus serpyllum (1.5 BRIX% na 20o C), a najniži kod Achillea millefolium (1 BRIX% na 20o C). Rezultati su pokazali da ektsrakti dobijeni maceracijom sadže bioaktivne komponente, tako da ovaj rad pruža osnovu za dalje i dublje istraživanje upotrebe ovih ekstrakata kao potencijalnih biostimulatora u organskoj poljoprivredi

Determination of the content of bioactive components in different extracts of celery leaves (Apium graveolens L.)

Plants with active compounds, i.e. those that have medicinal properties have been used since ancient times both for medicinal purposes and for preserving food. The aim of the work is to determine the most optimal extraction method for obtaining the highest yield of vitamin C and organic acids from celery leaves, which could have potential application in the food industry. Three extraction methods were combined, the density of the obtained extracts, the content of vitamin C and the content of organic acids were measured. The correlation of the content of bioactive components and the density of the obtained extracts was monitored

ODREĐIVANJE SADRŽAJA BIOAKTIVNIH KOMPONENTI U RAZLIČITIM EKSTRAKTIMA PORTULACA OLERACEA L.

Plants can be very useful as soil guards, and as an additional source of vitamins and minerals in human nutrition. Some, of them also have medicinal properties. Portulaca oleracea L. contains more antioxidants than spinach. It is also rich in vitamins C and B, including riboflavin, pyridoxine,niacin, carotenoids and traces of minerals such as iron, magnesium and calcium. The following analyses were carried out: determination of moisture in the plant material, preparation of macerates, extraction of samples in the Soxhlet apparatus, ultrasonic extraction of samples, determination of extract density by an aerometer, determination of extraction yield by maceration, determination of extraction yield by Soxhlet extraction, determination of extraction yield by ultrasonic extraction and determination of the content of vitamin C in the extracts obtained. The dry matter content obtained on the basis of three measurements was 7.679% and the moisture content was 92.321%. The smallest extraction yield was obtained by Soxhlet extraction 0.1625 g, followed by maceration 0.3575 g and ultrasonic extraction 0.775 g. The highest density was determined for the ultrasonic extract 0.85 g / cm³, and the smallest for the Soxhlet's extract 0.70 g / cm³, which was correlated with extraction yields. The content of vitamin C was highest in the ultrasonic extract 15.5 mg / 100 g, slightly lower in the macerate extract 6.5 mg / 100 g, and the smallest in the Soxhlet's extract 2.5 mg / 100 g. The content of bioactive components in purslane leaf depends on the extraction method. Ultrasonic extraction proved to be the most optimal method, giving the highest extraction yield and the highest vitamin C content. It lasted for a minimum period of time (30 min) and extraction temperature was the lowest 40 °C. We assume that under these conditions vitamin C is rapidly extracted and preserved from degradation.Publishe