Deformation compatibility in a single crystalline Ni superalloy

Deformation in materials is often complex and requires rigorous understanding to predict engineering component lifetime. Experimental understanding of deformation requires utilization of advanced characterization techniques, such as high spatial resolution digital image correlation (HR-DIC) and high angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD), combined with clear interpretation of their results to understand how a material has deformed. In this study, we use HR-DIC and HR-EBSD to explore the mechanical behaviour of a single-crystal nickel alloy and to highlight opportunities to understand the complete deformations state in materials. Coupling of HR-DIC and HR-EBSD enables us to precisely focus on the extent which we can access the deformation gradient, F, in its entirety and uncouple contributions from elastic deformation gradients, slip and rigid body rotations. Our results show a clear demonstration of the capabilities of these techniques, found within our experimental toolbox, to underpin fundamental mechanistic studies of deformation in polycrystalline materials and the role of microstructure

Selective advantage for multicellular replicative strategies: A two-cell example

This paper develops a quasispecies model where cells can adopt a two-cell survival strategy. Within this strategy, pairs of cells join together, at which point one of the cells sacrifices its own replicative ability for the sake of the other cell. We develop a simplified model for the evolutionary dynamics of this process, allowing us to solve for the steady-state using standard approaches from quasispecies theory. We find that our model exhibits two distinct regimes of behavior: At low concentrations of limiting resource, the two-cell strategy outcompetes the single-cell survival strategy, while at high concentrations of limiting resource, the single-cell survival strategy dominates. Associated with the two solution regimes of our model is a localization to delocalization transition over the portion of the genome coding for the multicell strategy, analogous to the error catastrophe in standard quasispecies models. The existence of such a transition indicates that multicellularity can emerge because natural selection does not act on specific cells, but rather on replicative strategies. Within this framework, individual cells become the means by which replicative strategies are propagated. Such a framework is therefore consistent with the concept that natural selection does not act on individuals, but rather on populations.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, to be submitted to Physical Review Letter

The Privatization Of The American Fishery: Limitations, Recognitions, And The Public Trust

In Douglas v. Seacoast Products, Inc., the United States Supreme Court seemingly laid to rest any lingering contentions of vested ownership theory relating to fisheries resources, stating that it is pure fantasy to talk of \u27owning\u27 wild fish, birds, or animals. Neither the States nor the Federal Government, any more than a hopeful fisherman or hunter, has title to these creatures until they are reduced to capture. This doctrine, that common resources such as fish are of an inherently wild nature, or ferae naturae, such that actual possession is required in order to establish individual ownership, has survived as an unwavering fixture of the common law, and..has guided courts in their treatment of fishermen\u27s rights and interests in the living resource that they harvest. In near defiance of this doctrine, some courts have gone so far as to suggest that fishermen hold a constructive property interest in fisheries, but in spite of such developments, the doctrine of ferae naturae has maintained its vitality and persists as theoretical support to another common law doc- trine, that of res communes, under which fisheries resources are owned in common, and which supports a common right to fish. However, traditional definitions of property recognize that the essence of property lies in the sum of fights and powers incident to ownership, with particular emphasis on rights of use. This Comment utilizes a sum of rights approach to discuss the modem proprietary relationship between fishermen and the fisheries that they depend upon. By analyzing this relationship from the perspective of specific legal contexts, this Comment argues that U.S. fishermen have acquired a sufficient quorum of property interests to recognize that they may hold some legitimate form of private property interest in fisheries resources, and that this interest may be recognized under the framework of the public trust doctrine in the furtherance of fisheries management and conservation efforts. This Comment begins its analysis in Part II, by outlining the common law doctrines that have historically limited the ability of fishermen to acquire proprietary interests in fisheries resources. Part III will then analyze the proprietary interests that are held by fishermen in fisheries resources, through the discussion of several specific legal contexts, including the ability of fishermen to recover for economic losses in tort. Next, Part IV discusses the extent to which the Fifth Amendment has provided constitutional protection for the proprietary interests of fishermen. Part V continues by outlining the various private interests that fishermen have acquired through rights based fishery management systems. Finally, Part VI discusses how proprietary interests in fisheries may be recognized under the public trust doctrine in the furtherance of fisheries management and conservation efforts. The recognition and future utilization of proprietary interests in U.S. fisheries management is a matter of particular importance in view of the Sustainable Fisheries Act, enacted in October of 1996, which amended the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act and which also mandated a moratorium on the implementation and approval of any fishery management plan that creates a new individual fishing quota program. This legislation also calls for a comprehensive study and report on the use of individual fishing quota programs, to be completed by October 1, 1998. As the federal government pauses to reconsider and evaluate the future use of such rights-based fishery management programs, it is important to realize, as this Comment argues, that the recognition of these proprietary rights is consistent with how the law has traditionally recognized such private interests in a variety of contexts. Moreover, the framework of the public trust doctrine, by providing for the concurrent existence of public and private interests in common resources, should to a large extent dispel the condemnation of rights-based fishery management programs as an unqualified give-away of public resources, and that this framework provides a foundation for recognizing more stable, long-term proprietary interests in fisheries that may enhance the overall effectiveness and conservation value of rights-based fishery management strategies in the future

Avenal v. United States: Does The State of Louisiana Have A Property Interest In The Salinity Of Its Waters?

The United States Court of Federal Claims recently found that certain leaseholders of oyster beds in Louisiana hold no compensable property interest in the salinity of the waters above their leased acreage. The deciding issue, one of first impression, was whether the leaseholders derived from the state a vested interest in an artificially high level of salinity, caused by a federal flood control project, such that a subsequent project reestablishing a low level of salinity, would amount to a compensable taking under the Fifth Amendment. By deciding the state did not acquire a property interest in the salinity condition before leasing the oyster beds, the court was able to dismiss the takings claim upon summary judgment, thus avoiding the need for a complete takings analysis. This Note analyzes the wisdom of the court\u27s approach in Avenal v. United States, and, while approving of the noncompensability of any private property interest in the artificially created salinity level, argues that the court did not completely address the nature of the property interest in question. This Note will then argue that the noncompensability of the plaintiffs\u27 interest would have been better explained under the navigation servitude, which will be briefly described and then be shown to apply to the factual circumstances of the case. Finally, it will be argued that the holding of Avenal v. United States is inconsistent with the public trust doctrine in Louisiana, and that an alternative holding under the navigation servitude would have prevented this inconsistency and would have allowed recognition of the state\u27s continuing public trust interest in its coastal waters

A model of employment literacy: Young people in Western Australia

This exploratory study aimed to examine the meanings of employment literacy among young people undertaking vocational education or training (VET), trainers, funding representatives and employers in Western Australia. A further objective was to develop a model of employment literacy that would inform training or educational organisations. Employment literacy incorporates the personal and social dimensions that young disadvantaged people require to secure and maintain employment. It also includes the understandings and capacity to access infonnation from a variety of sources and negotiate with a range of people in employment related settings. In-depth interviewing was the main method used so that different interpretations of employment literacy could be examined. In total ninety two interviews were undertaken. These included sixty six with young people, nine involving trainers, eight representatives of funding bodies and nine employers. The young people were interviewed on two occasions to consider the implications of the education or training . programs. Nvivo was used to assist in the analysis of the data across and between the four groups included in the study

The Privatization Of The American Fishery: Limitations, Recognitions, And The Public Trust

In Douglas v. Seacoast Products, Inc., the United States Supreme Court seemingly laid to rest any lingering contentions of vested ownership theory relating to fisheries resources, stating that it is pure fantasy to talk of \u27owning\u27 wild fish, birds, or animals. Neither the States nor the Federal Government, any more than a hopeful fisherman or hunter, has title to these creatures until they are reduced to capture. This doctrine, that common resources such as fish are of an inherently wild nature, or ferae naturae, such that actual possession is required in order to establish individual ownership, has survived as an unwavering fixture of the common law, and..has guided courts in their treatment of fishermen\u27s rights and interests in the living resource that they harvest. In near defiance of this doctrine, some courts have gone so far as to suggest that fishermen hold a constructive property interest in fisheries, but in spite of such developments, the doctrine of ferae naturae has maintained its vitality and persists as theoretical support to another common law doc- trine, that of res communes, under which fisheries resources are owned in common, and which supports a common right to fish. However, traditional definitions of property recognize that the essence of property lies in the sum of fights and powers incident to ownership, with particular emphasis on rights of use. This Comment utilizes a sum of rights approach to discuss the modem proprietary relationship between fishermen and the fisheries that they depend upon. By analyzing this relationship from the perspective of specific legal contexts, this Comment argues that U.S. fishermen have acquired a sufficient quorum of property interests to recognize that they may hold some legitimate form of private property interest in fisheries resources, and that this interest may be recognized under the framework of the public trust doctrine in the furtherance of fisheries management and conservation efforts. This Comment begins its analysis in Part II, by outlining the common law doctrines that have historically limited the ability of fishermen to acquire proprietary interests in fisheries resources. Part III will then analyze the proprietary interests that are held by fishermen in fisheries resources, through the discussion of several specific legal contexts, including the ability of fishermen to recover for economic losses in tort. Next, Part IV discusses the extent to which the Fifth Amendment has provided constitutional protection for the proprietary interests of fishermen. Part V continues by outlining the various private interests that fishermen have acquired through rights based fishery management systems. Finally, Part VI discusses how proprietary interests in fisheries may be recognized under the public trust doctrine in the furtherance of fisheries management and conservation efforts. The recognition and future utilization of proprietary interests in U.S. fisheries management is a matter of particular importance in view of the Sustainable Fisheries Act, enacted in October of 1996, which amended the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act and which also mandated a moratorium on the implementation and approval of any fishery management plan that creates a new individual fishing quota program. This legislation also calls for a comprehensive study and report on the use of individual fishing quota programs, to be completed by October 1, 1998. As the federal government pauses to reconsider and evaluate the future use of such rights-based fishery management programs, it is important to realize, as this Comment argues, that the recognition of these proprietary rights is consistent with how the law has traditionally recognized such private interests in a variety of contexts. Moreover, the framework of the public trust doctrine, by providing for the concurrent existence of public and private interests in common resources, should to a large extent dispel the condemnation of rights-based fishery management programs as an unqualified give-away of public resources, and that this framework provides a foundation for recognizing more stable, long-term proprietary interests in fisheries that may enhance the overall effectiveness and conservation value of rights-based fishery management strategies in the future

A weighted configuration model and inhomogeneous epidemics

A random graph model with prescribed degree distribution and degree dependent edge weights is introduced. Each vertex is independently equipped with a random number of half-edges and each half-edge is assigned an integer valued weight according to a distribution that is allowed to depend on the degree of its vertex. Half-edges with the same weight are then paired randomly to create edges. An expression for the threshold for the appearance of a giant component in the resulting graph is derived using results on multi-type branching processes. The same technique also gives an expression for the basic reproduction number for an epidemic on the graph where the probability that a certain edge is used for transmission is a function of the edge weight. It is demonstrated that, if vertices with large degree tend to have large (small) weights on their edges and if the transmission probability increases with the edge weight, then it is easier (harder) for the epidemic to take off compared to a randomized epidemic with the same degree and weight distribution. A recipe for calculating the probability of a large outbreak in the epidemic and the size of such an outbreak is also given. Finally, the model is fitted to three empirical weighted networks of importance for the spread of contagious diseases and it is shown that $R_0$ can be substantially over- or underestimated if the correlation between degree and weight is not taken into account

A randomized controlled pilot trial of classroom-based mindfulness meditation compared to an active control condition in sixth-grade children

The current study is a pilot trial to examine the effects of a nonelective, classroom-based, teacher-implemented, mindfulness meditation intervention on standard clinical measures of mental health and affect in middle school children. A total of 101 healthy sixth-grade students (55 boys, 46 girls) were randomized to either an Asian history course with daily mindfulness meditation practice (intervention group) or an African history course with a matched experiential activity (active control group). Self-reported measures included the Youth Self Report (YSR), a modified Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Measure –Revised. Both groups decreased significantly on clinical syndrome subscales and affect but did not differ in the extent of their improvements. Meditators were significantly less likely to develop suicidal ideation or thoughts of self-harm than controls. These results suggest that mindfulness training may yield both unique and non-specific benefits that are shared by other novel activities