26 research outputs found

    Low Energy Availability Prevalence, Sleep Quality, and Dietary Habits in Female ROTC Cadets

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    BACKGROUND: Energy availability is defined as the difference between energy intake (EI) and exercise energy expenditure (EEE) divided by fat free mass (FFM). Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which energy intake is insufficient to support all physiological functions and is defined as an energy availability (EA) of \u3c 30 kcal/kg FFM. LEA may be intentional due to body recomposition or social pressure to maintain a certain body image but may also be unintentional due to increased training demands. LEA may lead to hormone dysfunction, sleep disturbance, altered metabolic responses, and other maladaptations on health and performance. Previous studies have reported high prevalence of LEA in both male and female athletes, with a higher prevalence in females. Prevalence of LEA has also been reported in male Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) cadets; however, this has not been evaluated in female ROTC cadets in the United States. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to assess the prevalence of LEA in female ROTC cadets and to assess sleep quality. Additionally, we aim to compare their nutritional practices to the Military Dietary Reference Intakes (MDRIs) and examine resting metabolic rate (RMR) suppression. METHODS: Seventeen female ROTC cadets will be recruited. Following an overnight fast, height, weight, body composition, and RMR will be measured. Participants will then complete the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) to assess LEA symptoms, as well as the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep. Participants will be fitted for both a hip and wrist worn physical activity monitor to assess energy expenditure and sleep parameters, respectively, for 7 continuous days. During this time, daily EI will be assessed using the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Dietary Assessment Tool. Following data collection, food and activity records will be reviewed for completion. T-tests will be used to assess sleep, nutrition, and body composition differences between participants with and without LEA. Pearson correlations will be used to compare EA with sleep and body composition. EXPECTED RESULTS: It is hypothesized that LEA, sleep disturbance, and RMR suppression will be highly prevalent in female ROTC cadets. Additionally, it is hypothesized that the MDRIs will not be met by most individuals

    DIETARY PRACTICES AND SOURCES OF DIETARY INFORMATION AMONG CROSSFIT® PARTICIPANTS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

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    Taylor Morneault1, Matthew Brisebois1, Samuel Kramer2, James Kamla1, Kelvin Wu1, Jerold Corpuz1, Katherine Fowler1, Keston Lindsay3. 1The University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC. 2International Vitamin Corporation, Greenville, SC. 3University of Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO. BACKGROUND: CrossFit® is a popular high-intensity functional training program. CrossFit® participants may follow popular diets to support their health or physical pursuits, but the specific diets followed by CrossFit® participants remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to survey CrossFit® participants on the diets that they practice. METHODS: The survey was adapted from previous research and pilot tested. The final survey was distributed to CrossFit® gyms via local flyers, email correspondence, phone calls, and advertisement in a CrossFit®-related news outlet. The data were collected and are currently undergoing analysis. RESULTS: Of the 3,260 recorded responses, 681 complete responses were cleaned and analyzed (female 56%, age 38.9 ± 10.5 y, body mass index 25.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2). Respondents had been performing CrossFit® 4.1 ± 1.1 d/wk for 5.6 ± 3.0 y. Two hundred eight (30.5%) respondents were CrossFit® coaches and 58.3% reported actively participating in fitness competitions. Four hundred thirty-four (63.7%) respondents reported following a specific diet over the past 6 months. The top ten reported diets were Macro Counting (20.4%), Paleo (6.9%), Renaissance Periodization (6.6%), Intermittent Fasting (6.5%), Gluten-Free (3.2%), Ketogenic (2.2%), Vegan (1.6%), The Zone (1.5%), Whole 9 (1.5%), and Mediterranean (1.3%). The top five reasons for following a specific diet were to improve overall health (47.9%), improve CrossFit® performance (30.2%), decrease body fat (29.4%), increase energy levels (25.8%), and improve recovery (19.8%). The top five sources of dietary information were the internet (51.1%), coach/trainer (30.5%), nutritionist/dietitian (27.2%), social media (20.4%), and academic journals/peer-reviewed research (20.1%). CONCLUSION: A large proportion of CrossFit® participants may follow specific diets with the intention of improving health and performance. Particularly, Macro Counting may be popular among CrossFit® participants. These findings may support future research on the effects of dietary practices on CrossFit® performance and help form empirically driven recommendations to support the health and athletic performance of CrossFit® participants

    DIETARY AND SPORT SUPPLEMENT USE AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION AMONG CROSSFIT® PARTICIPANTS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

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    Samuel Kramer1, Matthew Brisebois2, James Kamla2, Kelvin Wu2, Taylor Morneault2, Jerold Corpuz2, Katherine Fowler2, Keston Lindsay3. 1International Vitamin Corporation, Greenville, SC. 2The University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC. 3University of Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO. BACKGROUND: CrossFit® is a popular high-intensity functional training program. CrossFit® participants may consume dietary and sports supplements to support their health and physical pursuits, but current intakes remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to survey CrossFit® participants on the dietary and sport supplements they consume. METHODS: The survey was adapted from previous research and pilot tested. The final survey was distributed to CrossFit® gyms via local flyers, email correspondence, phone calls, and advertisement in a CrossFit®-related news outlet. The data were collected and are currently undergoing analysis. RESULTS: Of the 3,260 recorded responses, 681 complete responses have been cleaned and analyzed (female 56%, age 38.9 ± 10.5 y, body mass index 25.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2). Respondents had been performing CrossFit® 4.1 ± 1.1 d/wk for 5.6 ± 3.0 y. Two hundred eight (30.5%) respondents were CrossFit® coaches and 58.3% reported actively participating in fitness competitions. Five hundred eighty (85.2%) of the respondents reported using supplements at least two days per week over the past 6 months, with an average of 2.88 ± 2.61 supplements. Supplements were organized into 36 broad categories from a list of 2,015 unique reported supplements. The ten most reported categories of supplements were protein (53.7%), creatine (26%), pre-workout (23.5%), omega fatty acids (18.5%), multivitamin (17.5%), vitamin D (14.2%), amino acids (13.8%), fuel (i.e., electrolytes and carbohydrates; 11.2%), collagen (10.4%), and magnesium (8.2%). The top five reasons for using supplements were to improve recovery (58.1%), improve overall health (55.2%), increase muscle mass/strength (44.9%), improve CrossFit® performance (44.2%), and increase energy levels (34.9%). The top five sources of information on supplements were the internet (57.3%), coach/trainer (29.4%), academic journals/peer-reviewed research (23.2%), nutritionist/dietitian (21.3%), and social media (17.3%). CONCLUSION: A large proportion of CrossFit participants report using dietary supplements to improve their health and physical performance. Reported usage is larger than many previous studies involving gym goers and athletes. These findings may support future research on the effects of supplements on CrossFit® performance and help form empirically driven recommendations to support the health and performance of CrossFit® participants

    Articulatory bias in speech categorization: evidence from use-induced motor plasticity

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    Recent evidence suggests that the speech motor system may play a significant role in speech perception. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to a speech region of premotor cortex impaired syllable identification, while stimulation of motor areas for different articulators selectively facilitated identification of phonemes relying on those articulators. However, in these experiments performance was not corrected for response bias. It is not currently known how response bias modulates activity in these networks. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment was designed to produce specific, measureable changes in response bias in a speech perception task. Minimal consonant-vowel stimulus pairs were presented between volume acquisitions for same-different discrimination. Speech stimuli were embedded in Gaussian noise at the psychophysically determined threshold level. We manipulated bias by changing the ratio of same-to-different trials: 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1. Ratios were blocked by run and subjects were cued to the upcoming ratio at the beginning of each run. The stimuli were physically identical across runs. Response bias (criterion, C) was measured in individual subjects for each ratio condition. Group mean bias varied in the expected direction. We predicted that activation in frontal but not temporal brain regions would co-vary with bias. Group-level regression of bias scores on percent signal change revealed a fronto-parietal network of motor and sensory-motor brain regions that were sensitive to changes in response bias. We identified several pre- and post-central clusters in the left hemisphere that overlap well with TMS targets from the aforementioned studies. Importantly, activity in these regions covaried with response bias even while the perceptual targets remained constant. Thus, previous results suggesting that speech motor cortex participates directly in the perceptual analysis of speech should be called into question

    CAG repeat length in RAI1 is associated with age at onset variability in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2)

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    Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by the expansion of a polymorphic (CAG)(n) tract, which is translated into an expanded polyglutamine tract in the ataxin-2 protein. Although repeat length and age at disease onset are inversely related, similar to 50% of the age at onset variance in SCA2 remains unexplained. Other familial factors have been proposed to account for at least part of this remaining variance in the polyglutamine disorders. The ability of polyglutamine tracts to interact with each other, as well as the presence of intranuclear inclusions in other polyglutamine disorders, led us to hypothesize that other GAG-containing proteins may interact with expanded ataxin-2 and affect the rate of protein accumulation, and thus influence age at onset, To test this hypothesis, we used step-wise multiple linear regression to examine 10 CAG-containing genes for possible influences on SCA2 age at onset. One locus, RAI1, contributed an additional 4.1% of the variance in SCA2 age at onset after accounting for the effect of the SCA2 expanded repeat. This locus was further studied in SCA3/Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), but did not have an effect on SCA3/MJD age at onset. This result implicates RAI1 as a possible contributor to SCA2 neurodegeneration and raises the possibility that other CAG-containing proteins may play a role in the pathogenesis of other polyglutamine disorders.9121753175

    Antecedents of Optimal Information Security Investment: IT Governance Mechanism and Organizational Digital Maturity

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    Part 4: Security, Privacy, Ethics and MisinformationInternational audienceInformation security risk is of concern to both researchers and practitioners. In this study, we investigate the antecedents of optimal information security investment from organizational perspective using the concept of information technology governance. Specifically, we examine how board attributes including IT savviness, board duality, experience, and functional debate along with an organizational attribute, digital maturity, influence optimal information security investments. Data was collected from board members in organization to test the research model. Our results offer both theoretical and practical implications
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