Projets de développement rural et question foncière dans la région du Nord-Cameroun : des innovations mais quelle pérennité ?

International audienceLa Région du Nord Cameroun est une zone d'accueil de populations migrantes, qui connaît depuis bientôt 20 ans une accélération de la compétition entre usagers pour l'accès aux ressources naturelles. Cette situation met en évidence l'émergence de la question foncière, qui n'a été intégrée dans les projets de développement qu'à partir des années 90. En adoptant d'abord l'approche gestion des terroirs puis l'approche participative, les projets innovent et mettent en place des accords et des structures chargées de trouver des solutions aux conflits liés à l'accès aux ressources. Mais quelle est la pérennité de ces dispositifs ? Cette communication s'appuie sur une série d'entretiens réalisés dans le lamidat de Touroua où sont intervenus successivement les projets DPGT, ESA et PDOB, qui ont amené les agriculteurs et les éleveurs à négocier des règles d'accès et à créer des espaces sécurisés (hurum, forêt, piste à bétail) gérés par des comités composés de représentants des usagers. Ces actions sont positives sur le court terme et permettent de résoudre des conflits ponctuels entre agriculteurs et éleveurs. Cependant, après la clôture de ces projets, le manque de financement, de formation et d'encadrement des comités mis en place limite leur fonctionnement. Cette situation pose la question de la légitimité de ces structures (implication, participation et représentativité). Mais elle souligne aussi la nécessité d'une action suivie à plus long terme et intégrée dans une politique régionale d'aménagement du territoire

Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Is Associated with Childhood DNA CpG Methylation

Background: Smoking while pregnant is associated with a myriad of negative health outcomes in the child. Some of the detrimental effects may be due to epigenetic modifications, although few studies have investigated this hypothesis in detail.Objectives: To characterize site-specific epigenetic modifications conferred by prenatal smoking exposure within asthmatic children.Methods: Using Illumina HumanMethylation27 microarrays, we estimated the degree of methylation at 27,578 distinct DNA sequences located primarily in gene promoters using whole blood DNA samples from the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) subset of Asthma BRIDGE childhood asthmatics (n = 527) ages 5–12 with prenatal smoking exposure data available. Using beta-regression, we screened loci for differential methylation related to prenatal smoke exposure, adjusting for gender, age and clinical site, and accounting for multiple comparisons by FDR.Results: Of 27,578 loci evaluated, 22,131 (80%) passed quality control assessment and were analyzed. Sixty-five children (12%) had a history of prenatal smoke exposure. At an FDR of 0.05, we identified 19 CpG loci significantly associated with prenatal smoke, of which two replicated in two independent populations. Exposure was associated with a 2% increase in mean CpG methylation in FRMD4A (p = 0.01) and Cllorf52 (p = 0.001) compared to no exposure. Four additional genes, XPNPEP1, PPEF2, SMPD3 and CRYGN, were nominally associated in at least one replication group.Conclusions: These data suggest that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with reproducible epigenetic changes that persist well into childhood. However, the biological significance of these altered loci remains unknown.</p

Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Is Associated with Childhood DNA CpG Methylation

Background: Smoking while pregnant is associated with a myriad of negative health outcomes in the child. Some of the detrimental effects may be due to epigenetic modifications, although few studies have investigated this hypothesis in detail. Objectives: To characterize site-specific epigenetic modifications conferred by prenatal smoking exposure within asthmatic children. Methods: Using Illumina HumanMethylation27 microarrays, we estimated the degree of methylation at 27,578 distinct DNA sequences located primarily in gene promoters using whole blood DNA samples from the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) subset of Asthma BRIDGE childhood asthmatics (n = 527) ages 5–12 with prenatal smoking exposure data available. Using beta-regression, we screened loci for differential methylation related to prenatal smoke exposure, adjusting for gender, age and clinical site, and accounting for multiple comparisons by FDR. Results: Of 27,578 loci evaluated, 22,131 (80%) passed quality control assessment and were analyzed. Sixty-five children (12%) had a history of prenatal smoke exposure. At an FDR of 0.05, we identified 19 CpG loci significantly associated with prenatal smoke, of which two replicated in two independent populations. Exposure was associated with a 2% increase in mean CpG methylation in FRMD4A (p = 0.01) and Cllorf52 (p = 0.001) compared to no exposure. Four additional genes, XPNPEP1, PPEF2, SMPD3 and CRYGN, were nominally associated in at least one replication group. Conclusions: These data suggest that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with reproducible epigenetic changes that persist well into childhood. However, the biological significance of these altered loci remains unknown

"Faire famille à distance" chez les natifs des Antilles et de la Réunion

Données issues de l'enquête MFV (Migrations, familles et vieillissement) et du dernier recensemen

Health policy – why research it and how: health political science

The establishment of policy is key to the implementation of actions for health. We review the nature of policy and the definition and directions of health policy. In doing so, we explicitly cast a health political science gaze on setting parameters for researching policy change for health. A brief overview of core theories of the policy process for health promotion is presented, and illustrated with empirical evidence.The key arguments are that (a) policy is not an intervention, but drives intervention development and implementation; (b) understanding policy processes and their pertinent theories is pivotal for the potential to influence policy change ; (c) those theories and associated empirical work need to recognise the wicked, multi-level, and incremental nature of elements in the process; and, therefore, (d) the public health, health promotion, and education research toolbox should more explicitly embrace health political science insights.The rigorous application of insights from and theories of the policy process will enhance our understanding of not just how, but also why health policy is structured and implemented the way it is