41 research outputs found

    Infectious Disease Ontology

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    Technological developments have resulted in tremendous increases in the volume and diversity of the data and information that must be processed in the course of biomedical and clinical research and practice. Researchers are at the same time under ever greater pressure to share data and to take steps to ensure that data resources are interoperable. The use of ontologies to annotate data has proven successful in supporting these goals and in providing new possibilities for the automated processing of data and information. In this chapter, we describe different types of vocabulary resources and emphasize those features of formal ontologies that make them most useful for computational applications. We describe current uses of ontologies and discuss future goals for ontology-based computing, focusing on its use in the field of infectious diseases. We review the largest and most widely used vocabulary resources relevant to the study of infectious diseases and conclude with a description of the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) suite of interoperable ontology modules that together cover the entire infectious disease domain

    Medium- and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene and protein families: The MDR superfamily

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    The MDR superfamily with ~350-residue subunits contains the classical liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), quinone reductase, leukotriene B4 dehydrogenase and many more forms. ADH is a dimeric zinc metalloprotein and occurs as five different classes in humans, resulting from gene duplications during vertebrate evolution, the first one traced to ~500 MYA (million years ago) from an ancestral formaldehyde dehydrogenase line. Like many duplications at that time, it correlates with enzymogenesis of new activities, contributing to conditions for emergence of vertebrate land life from osseous fish. The speed of changes correlates with function, as do differential evolutionary patterns in separate segments. Subsequent recognitions now define at least 40 human MDR members in the Uniprot database (corresponding to 25 genes when excluding close homologues), and in all species at least 10888 entries. Overall, variability is large, but like for many dehydrogenases, subdivided into constant and variable forms, corresponding to household and emerging enzyme activities, respectively. This review covers basic facts and describes eight large MDR families and nine smaller families. Combined, they have specific substrates in metabolic pathways, some with wide substrate specificity, and several with little known functions

    Environmental sensing and response genes in cnidaria : the chemical defensome in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis

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    Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Cell Biology and Toxicology 24 (2008): 483-502, doi:10.1007/s10565-008-9107-5.The starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis has been recently established as a new model system for the study of the evolution of developmental processes, as cnidaria occupy a key evolutionary position at the base of the bilateria. Cnidaria play important roles in estuarine and reef communities, but are exposed to many environmental stressors. Here I describe the genetic components of a ‘chemical defensome’ in the genome of N. vectensis, and review cnidarian molecular toxicology. Gene families that defend against chemical stressors and the transcription factors that regulate these genes have been termed a ‘chemical defensome,’ and include the cytochromes P450 and other oxidases, various conjugating enyzymes, the ATP-dependent efflux transporters, oxidative detoxification proteins, as well as various transcription factors. These genes account for about 1% (266/27200) of the predicted genes in the sea anemone genome, similar to the proportion observed in tunicates and humans, but lower than that observed in sea urchins. While there are comparable numbers of stress-response genes, the stress sensor genes appear to be reduced in N. vectensis relative to many model protostomes and deuterostomes. Cnidarian toxicology is understudied, especially given the important ecological roles of many cnidarian species. New genomic resources should stimulate the study of chemical stress sensing and response mechanisms in cnidaria, and allow us to further illuminate the evolution of chemical defense gene networks.WHOI Ocean Life Institute and NIH R01-ES01591

    Characterization of protein families, sequence patterns, and functional annotations in large data sets

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    Bioinformatics involves storing, analyzing and making predictions on massive amounts of protein and nucleotide sequence data. The thesis consists of six papers and is focused on proteins. It describes the utilization of bioinformatics techniques to characterize protein families and to detect patterns in gene expression and in polypeptide occurrences. Two protein families were bioinformatically characterized - the membrane associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism (MAPEG) and the Tripartite motif (TRIM) protein families. In the study of the MAPEG super-family, application of diïŹ€erent bioinformatic methods made it possible to characterize many new members leading to a doubling of the family size. Furthermore, the MAPEG members were subdivided into families. Remarkably, in six families with previously predominantly mammalian members, ïŹsh representatives were also now detected, which dated the origin of these families back to the Cambrium ”species explosion”, thus earlier than previously anticipated. Sequence comparisons made it possible to deïŹne diagnostic sequence patterns that can be used in genome annotations. Upon publication of several MAPEG structures, these patterns were conïŹrmed to be part of the active sites. In the TRIM study, the bioinformatic analyses made it possible to subdivide the proteins into three subtypes and to characterize a large number of members. In addition, the analyses showed crucial structural dependencies between the RING and the B-box domains of the TRIM member Ro52. The linker region between the two domains, denoted RBL, is known to be disease associated. Now, an amphipathic helix was found to be a characteristic feature of the RBL region, which also was used to divide the family into three subtypes. The ontology annotation treebrowser (OAT) tool was developed to detect functional similarities or common concepts in long lists of proteins or genes, typically generated from proteomics or microarray experiments. OAT was the ïŹrst annotation browser to include both Gene Ontology (GO) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) into the same framework. The complementarity of these two ontologies was demonstrated. OAT was used in the TRIM study to detect diïŹ€erences in functional annotations between the subtypes. In the oligopeptide study, we investigated pentapeptide patterns that were over- or under-represented in the current de facto standard database of protein knowledge and a set of completed genomes, compared to what could be expected from amino acid compositions. We found three predominant categories of patterns: (i) patterns originating from frequently occurring families, e.g. respiratory chain-associated proteins and translation machinery proteins; (ii) proteins with structurally and/or functionally favored patterns; (iii) multicopy species-speciïŹc retrotransposons, only found in the genome set. Such patterns may inïŹ‚uence amino acid residue based prediction algorithms. These ïŹndings in the oligopeptide study were utilized for development of a new method that detects translated introns in unveriïŹed protein predictions, which are available in great numbers due to the many completed and ongoing genome projects. A new comprehensive database of protein sequences from completed genomes was developed, denoted genomeLKPG. This database was of central importance in the MAPEG, TRIM and oligopeptide studies. The new sequence database has also been proven useful in several other studies

    ”It’s knowledge that remains” : a study about enterprise education with focus on social science education.

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    Denna studie handlar om entreprenöriellt lÀrande som pedagogik och hur denna kan arbetasmed i de samhÀllsorienterande Àmnena utifrÄn fyra lÀrares perspektiv. Studien motiverasutifrÄn ett av skolans uppdrag som Àr att frÀmja entreprenörskap genom undervisningen.Syftet med studien Àr att med fokus pÄ undervisningen i de samhÀllsorienterande Àmnenasynliggöra lÀrares tankar kring entreprenöriellt lÀrande som pedagogik och hur dessa kananvÀndas i undervisningen.Studien baseras pÄ en kvalitativ metod dÀr redskapet intervju anvÀndes för att samla in empiri.Fyra lÀrare som arbetade i Ärskursena 1-3 i en och samma kommun intervjuades angÄendeentreprenöriellt lÀrande i de samhÀllsorienterande Àmnena. Intervjuerna som genomfördes varsemistrukturerade.Resultatet av studien synliggör att det finns olika syn pÄ hur entreprenöriellt lÀrande sompedagogik kan anvÀndas i undervisningen i de samhÀllsorienterande Àmnena. De flesta ser detsom ett förhÄllningssÀtt som ska finnas med i allt de gör medan en av lÀrarna betonar attdenne helst arbetar med projekt. Resultatet indikerar emellertid att de fyra lÀrarna harliknande syn pÄ vad det entreprenöriella lÀrandet ger eleverna men att det i förlÀngningenleder till olika saker. NÄgra talar om kunskaper de har nytta av i livet medan en talar omförmÄgan att driva företag i framtiden. LÀrarna i studien beskriver att undervisningen ska utgÄfrÄn elevernas erfarenheter och fÄnga upp deras idéer för att inte slÀcka elevernas motivationoch entusiasm inför lÀrandet. Praktiska moment Àr Àven nÄgot som resultatet betonar som enviktig del i det entreprenöriella lÀrandet som pedagogik. En stor del av resultatet behandlarÀven vikten av undervisningens samverkan med verkliga sammanhang och problem. LÀrarnahÀvdar att eleverna fÄr kunskaper som de har anvÀndning av i livet genom det entreprenöriellalÀrandet men som nÀmns ovan kan dessa kunskaper anvÀndas till olika saker. LÀrarna istudien talar om att eleverna lÀr om livet genom ett entreprenöriellt lÀrande genomovanstÄende undervisningssÀtt. Detta genom att undervisningen stimulerar elevernasmotivation och generella fÀrdigheter som de sedan kan ha anvÀndning av i livet

    FrÄn ensamhet till sjÀlvinsikt : En kvalitativ studie om sjukskrivna och dess erfarenheter frÄn vÀgen tillbaka till arbetet

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    Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att vinna kunskap om vilka erfarenheter som en lĂ€ngre sjukskrivning kan bidra med och hur dessa erfarenheter kan ses som en del av lĂ€randeprocessen. FrĂ„gestĂ€llningarna som skapades var: ”PĂ„ vilket sĂ€tt upplever personer som tidigare varit sjukskrivna att erfarenheterna frĂ„n sjukskrivningen har pĂ„verkat möjligheterna till Ă„tergĂ„ng i arbete?” samt ”Trots olika orsaker till sjukskrivning, vilka gemensamma drag samt olikheter finns bland de upplevda erfarenheterna?” För att besvara frĂ„gestĂ€llningarna har fem kvalitativa intervjuer av tidigare sjukskrivna med olika orsaker till sjukskrivning genomförts. Intervjuerna gav ett resultat som sedan analyserades utifrĂ„n Illeris definition av lĂ€rande, Kolbs teori om erfarenhetsbaserat lĂ€rande samt Argyris teori om single- och doubleloop. Resultatet visar pĂ„ gemensamma drag, men Ă€ven pĂ„ faktorer som skiljer deltagarnas berĂ€ttelser Ă„t. Den mest framtrĂ€dande faktorn gĂ€llande upplevelser frĂ„n en sjukskrivning Ă€r vikten av sociala faktorer, som exempelvis stöd frĂ„n familj och vĂ€nner samt arbetsgivare. Genom att kĂ€nna nĂ€rhet och omtanke frĂ„n omgivningen upplevs Ă„tergĂ„ngen till arbetet lĂ€ttare. NĂ„got som Ă€ven Ă€r betydande Ă€r individens eget ansvar i sjukskrivningsprocessen. Tron pĂ„ sig sjĂ€lv samt att ha en god sjĂ€lvinsikt Ă€r nĂ„got som informanterna anser underlĂ€tta vid Ă„tergĂ„ngen till arbetet. Upplevelsen kring samtalsstöd Ă€r dĂ€remot nĂ„got som deltagarna har fĂ„tt olika erfarenheter av dĂ„ personer med fysisk orsak till sjukskrivning har fĂ„tt mindre stöd i form av det

    FrÄn ensamhet till sjÀlvinsikt : En kvalitativ studie om sjukskrivna och dess erfarenheter frÄn vÀgen tillbaka till arbetet

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    Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att vinna kunskap om vilka erfarenheter som en lĂ€ngre sjukskrivning kan bidra med och hur dessa erfarenheter kan ses som en del av lĂ€randeprocessen. FrĂ„gestĂ€llningarna som skapades var: ”PĂ„ vilket sĂ€tt upplever personer som tidigare varit sjukskrivna att erfarenheterna frĂ„n sjukskrivningen har pĂ„verkat möjligheterna till Ă„tergĂ„ng i arbete?” samt ”Trots olika orsaker till sjukskrivning, vilka gemensamma drag samt olikheter finns bland de upplevda erfarenheterna?” För att besvara frĂ„gestĂ€llningarna har fem kvalitativa intervjuer av tidigare sjukskrivna med olika orsaker till sjukskrivning genomförts. Intervjuerna gav ett resultat som sedan analyserades utifrĂ„n Illeris definition av lĂ€rande, Kolbs teori om erfarenhetsbaserat lĂ€rande samt Argyris teori om single- och doubleloop. Resultatet visar pĂ„ gemensamma drag, men Ă€ven pĂ„ faktorer som skiljer deltagarnas berĂ€ttelser Ă„t. Den mest framtrĂ€dande faktorn gĂ€llande upplevelser frĂ„n en sjukskrivning Ă€r vikten av sociala faktorer, som exempelvis stöd frĂ„n familj och vĂ€nner samt arbetsgivare. Genom att kĂ€nna nĂ€rhet och omtanke frĂ„n omgivningen upplevs Ă„tergĂ„ngen till arbetet lĂ€ttare. NĂ„got som Ă€ven Ă€r betydande Ă€r individens eget ansvar i sjukskrivningsprocessen. Tron pĂ„ sig sjĂ€lv samt att ha en god sjĂ€lvinsikt Ă€r nĂ„got som informanterna anser underlĂ€tta vid Ă„tergĂ„ngen till arbetet. Upplevelsen kring samtalsstöd Ă€r dĂ€remot nĂ„got som deltagarna har fĂ„tt olika erfarenheter av dĂ„ personer med fysisk orsak till sjukskrivning har fĂ„tt mindre stöd i form av det
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