New genus, three new species and new records of Herpyllobiidae Hansen, 1892 (Crustacea, Copepoda) parasites of polychaetes from Antarctica

During the Antarctic Polarstern cruises ANT XIX/3 (ANDEEP-I), XIX/5 (LAMPOS), and XXI/2 (BENDEX) new material of symbiotic copepods associated with polynoid polychaetes was collected. Here the authors present results for the highly modified family Herpyllobiidae Hansen, 1892. New records of Herpyllobius antarcticus Vanhöffen, 1913 and Herpyllobius polarsterni López-González, Bresciani and Conradi, 2000 are provided from the eastern Weddell Sea and Bouvet Island respectively. A new species of the genus Eurysilenium Sars, 1870, E. australis, is described from specimens collected at the eastern Weddell Sea. A new genus, Gottoniella gen. nov., is proposed to include two species, G. antarctica sp. nov. and G. andeepi sp. nov., described from material collected from the Weddell Sea and Scotia Arc

Are histological alterations observed in the gallbladder precancerous lesions?

INTRODUCTION: Gallbladder cancer, which is characterized by rapid progression and a poor prognosis, is a complex disease to treat. Unfortunately, little is known currently about its etiology or pathogenesis. A better understanding of its carcinogenesis and determining risk factors that lead to its development could help improve the available treatment options. METHOD: Based on this better understanding, the histological alterations (such as acute cholecystitis, adenomyomatosis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, polyps, pyloric metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, cancer and others) in gallbladders from 1,689 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholecystolithiasis were analyzed. The association of these gallbladder histological alterations with clinical data was studied. RESULTS: Gender analysis revealed a greater incidence of inflammatory changes in males, while dysplasia and cancer were only found in women. The incidence of cholesterolosis was greater in the patients 60 years of age and under, and the incidence of adenomyomatosis and gangrene was greater in the elderly patients. A progressive increase in the average age was observed as alterations progressed through pyloric metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and then cancer, suggesting that the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence may occur in gallbladder cancer. Gallbladder histological alterations were also observed in asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that there could be an association between some histological alterations of gallbladder and cancer, and they also suggest that the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence could in fact be true in the case of gallbladder cancer. Nevertheless, further studies directed towards a perfect understanding of gallbladder carcinogenesis are required

La coactivació del bíceps femoral limita la força màxima isomètrica d'extensió de genoll en ciclistes de ruta

Introducció i objectius: L'objecte d'aquest estudi era analitzar la coactivació antagonista (bíceps femoral) durant una contracció màxima isomètrica d'extensió unilateral de genoll en ciclistes de ruta, com també la seva relació amb l'activació agonista (recte femoral, vast medial i vast lateral) i la força manifestada. L'activació dels músculs gastrocnemis també va ser monitoritzada. Mètodes: Setze ciclistes federats van fer una prova màxima d'extensió isomètrica de genoll. Durant els 5 s de durada del test amb la cama dominant, es va monitoritzar l'activitat electromiogràfica (EMG) de 6 músculs del tren inferior, a més de la força isomètrica manifestada. Resultats: L'activitat EMG mitjana (EMGmit) del bíceps femoral va suposar un 37,4% de l'EMGmit per mitjana dels 3 agonistes. Per la seva banda, la mitjana d'EMGmit dels gastrocnemis va suposar un 18,2% de la mitjana d'EMGmit dels agonistes. Analitzant per separat l'EMGmit de cadascun dels 3 músculs agonistes, vam observar que aquest paràmetre d'activació va ser estadísticament superior en el recte femoral en comparació amb vast medial i vast lateral. L'EMGmit del bíceps femoral es va mostrar inversament proporcional a la força isomètrica màxima. Amb tot, l'activació de la resta de músculs, tant mitjana com màxima, no va mostrar cap relació amb la força. Conclusions: L'activació antagonista limita la força màxima isomètrica d'extensió de genoll en ciclistes de ruta. Tant aquest fet com l'excessiva activació del recte femoral poden tenir relació amb les diferències biomecàniques existents entre el pedaleig, gest propi de la modalitat practicada pels subjectes, i l'extensió de genoll en màquina

La coactivación del bíceps femoral limita la fuerza máxima isométrica de extensión de rodilla en ciclistas de ruta

Introducción y objetivos: El objeto del presente estudio fue analizar la coactivación antagonista (bíceps femoral) durante una contracción máxima isométrica de extensión unilateral de rodilla, en ciclistas de ruta, así como su relación con la activación agonista (recto femoral, vasto medial y vasto lateral) y la fuerza manifestada. La activación de los músculos gastrocnemios también fue monitorizada. Métodos: Dieciséis ciclistas federados efectuaron una prueba máxima de extensión isométrica de rodilla. Durante los 5 s de duración del test, llevado a cabo con la pierna dominante, se monitorizó la actividad electromiográfica (EMG) de 6 músculos del tren inferior, además de la fuerza isométrica manifestada. Resultados: La actividad EMG media (EMGmed) del bíceps femoral supuso un 37,4% de la EMGmed promediada de los 3 agonistas. Por su parte, la EMGmed promediada de los gastrocnemios supuso un 18,2% de la EMGmed promediada de los agonistas. Analizando por separado la EMGmed de cada uno de los 3 músculos agonistas, observamos que este parámetro de activación fue estadísticamente superior en el recto femoral en comparación con el vasto medial y el vasto lateral. La EMGmed del bíceps femoral se mostró inversamente proporcional a la fuerza isométrica máxima. Sin embargo, la activación del resto de músculos, tanto media como máxima, no mostró relación alguna con la fuerza. Conclusiones: La activación antagonista limita la fuerza máxima isométrica de extensión de rodilla en ciclistas de ruta. Tanto este hecho como la excesiva activación del recto femoral pueden tener relación con las diferencias biomecánicas existentes entre el pedaleo, el gesto propio de la modalidad practicada por los sujetos, y la extensión de rodilla en la máquina

Distribution of lymph nodes – how deep is it TME necessary?

Introdução: A excisão total do mesorreto teve grande impacto na diminuição das taxas de recidiva local no câncer retal. Entretanto o número e a distribuição de linfonodos pelo mesorreto permanecem controversos. Estudos indicaram maior prevalência de linfonodos no terço posterior médio e dois terços superiores do mesorreto. Para confirmar a baixa freqüência de linfonodos distais realizamos estudo em cadáveres com maior número de corpos. Métodos: Realizamos uma excisão total do mesorreto por incisão abdominal mediana em 18 cadáveres frescos. Dividimos o mesorreto em duas porções laterais e um posterior, e definimos 3 níveis de proximal a distal. Após dissecção dos linfonodos sem solução de limpeza específica, a confirmação histológica e a determinação de localização e tamanho dos linfonodos foi realizada. Resultados: Em média, encontramos 5.0±3.7 LN/peça, com tamanho de 3.0±2.7mm. Não houve associação entre número de LN e tamanho com sexo, IMC ou idade. Constatamos maior prevalência de LN posteriores (2.8 LN/paciente) quando comparados a laterais (0.8 e 1.2 LN/paciente;p=0.02). Não houve diferenças entre os níveis do reto. Conclusão: Linfonodos no tecido mesoretal são em sua maioria pequenos e de localização posterior. Não há diminuição no número de linfonodos no terço mais distal do mesorreto.Introduction: Standardization of TME had a great impact on decreasing local recurrence rates for the treatment of rectal cancer. However, number and distribution of lymphnodes along the mesorectum remains controversial. In order to confirm lower frequency of distal lymph nodes in the mesorectum we performed a cadaveric study. Patients and Methods:18 fresh cadavers were included in the study. The rectum was removed along with total mesorectal excision by an abdominal median incision. The fatty tissue of the mesorectum was divided into lateral-right, posterior and lateral-left portions. These segments were subdivided into proximal to distal levels (1-3). Histological confirmation was performed after complete lymphnodes dissection. Results: Overall, the mean number and size of lymph nodes/rectum was5.0±3.7 and 3±2.7mm. There was no association between the mean number or size with gender,BMI or age. There was a significantly higher prevalence of posterior LN location (2.8 LN/patient)as opposed to lateral locations (0.8 and 1.2 LN/patient; p=0.02). There was similar distributionof LN/patient between different rectal levels. Conclusions: Lymph nodes in the mesorectal tissue are predominantly small and posteriorly located. There is no decrease in the number of lymphnodes in the most distal third of the mesorectum

The influence of tumor invasion in anastomotic line on survival of patient with gastric stump cancer

RACIONAL: O câncer do coto gástrico desenvolve- se no remanescente gástrico de gastrectomia realizada há pelo menos 5 anos por doença benigna e os sítios mais comuns de acometimento são próximo à anastomose e na pequena curvatura. Considera-se que o coto gástrico é estado pré-canceroso. OBJETIVOS: Identificar o padrão de disseminação de linfonodos acometidos, quantificar a invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose e correlacionar: a invasão da linha de anastomose com o comprometimento linfonodal e mesenterial, o acometimento linfonodal com sobrevivência e o acometimento da linha de anastomose com sobrevivência. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com revisão de prontuários, peças cirúrgicas e exames anátomo-patológicos de 113 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer de coto gástrico definido como adenocarcinoma desenvolvido no remanescente gástrico de gastrectomia realizada há pelo menos cinco anos por doença benigna. RESULTADOS: A disseminação linfonodal não se mostrou específica; 75% dos pacientes apresentaram invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose; em 66,7% dos casos ocorreu invasão da linha anastomótica e linfonodal concomitantes; menos de 10% dos casos exibiam invasão mesenterial; houve óbito em 86,5% dos casos com invasão linfonodal e 64,7% com invasão da linha de anastomose e em 100% com invasão mesenterial. CONCLUSÕES: 1) O câncer de coto gástrico não tem padrão de disseminação linfonodal específico; 2) a linha de anastomose sofre freqüente invasão tumoral; 3) apesar de freqüente a invasão da linha anastomótica, não apresenta correlação estatística significante com o comprometimento linfonodal regional ou mesenterial; 4) a presença de invasão linfonodal implica em sobrevida menor, em especial a de linfonodos do mesentério; 5) a presença de acometimento neoplásico da linha anastomótica não se correlaciona com pior resultado de sobrevivência.AIM: To identify the lymph node metastatic pattern for gastric stump cancer; to quantify the anastomotic site invasion by tumor growth; to correlate the invasion of anastomotic site with metastasis in lymph node in general and mesenterial lymph node involvement and the survival. METHODS: One hundred and thirteen patients with gastric stump cancer were retrospectively analyzed along with their medical records, surgical specimens and histopathologic exams. RESULTS: seventy five percent of patients had tumoral invasion in the anastomotic site. In 66.7% there was invasion of the anastomotic site with metastatic lymph nodes. Nine percent had mesenterial lymph node invasion. Fatal cases occurred in 86,5% with metastatic lymph node, 64,7% with invasion of the anastomotic site and 100% with mesenterial lymph node invasion. CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic lymph node dissemination is not specific to gastric stump cancer and does not present a pattern in the lymph node dissemination. Although frequent the tumor invasion in anastomotic line, there is no significant statistical correlation with the invasion of regional or mesenterial lymph nodes. Lymph node invasion reduces survival, mainly when mesenterial lymph node dissemination is present. Tumor invasion in anastomotic line does not reduce survival

Monitoring biological and psychological measures throughout an entire season in male handball players

[EN] The aim of this study was to monitor biological markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, mood states, and recoverystress states throughout an entire season in male handball players. Fourteen handball players (age 20.192.5 years) with a regular training and competitive background in handball (11.093.7 years) from the same club volunteered to participate. All participants completed 40 weeks of training. The training load was increased progressively throughout the season. Blood samples were collected and questionnaires were administered during preparatory, competitive, and recovery periods. Blood C-reactive protein and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations increased during periods of high load, while the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) decreased. These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in total leukocyte count. Positive correlations were found between C-reactive protein, GSSG, GSH/GSSG ratio, and training load. No changes were observed in the Total Mood Disturbance score of the Profile of Mood States (POMS). However, scores on some Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes subscales, such as Injury, Physical Recovery, and Being in Shape, correlated with training load. Findings indicate that during periods of high training load, handball players developed a low grade of inflammation and oxidative state. Results support the usefulness of monitoring psychological and biological markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and training load during season.SIThis work was supported by the Acción Estratégica Sobre el Deporte, Spain (grant #2006-56141-C03- 01 to J.G. and grant #2006-56141-C03-02 to S.M.)

Signs of Overload After an Intensified Training

[EN] This study investigated eff ects of a 9-week intensified aerobic training and 3-weeks of recovery on signs of overload in 9 healthy active young males. Blood and saliva samples were collected and psychological questionnaires were administered during baseline (T1), intermediate load (T2), maximal load (T3), and recovery (T4) periods. Maximal oxygen uptake increased and blood lactate concentration decreased in T3, while running time in a 3 000 m track fi eld test was significantly shorter. No signifi cant changes were found in hematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, lactate dehydrogenase, transaminases, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor- α , myeloperoxidase and markers of oxidative stress in plasma, or salivary cortisol and testosterone. Increases in diff erent negative aff ectscales and in the total mood disturbance score of the Profi le of Mood States were observed during T3. Scores in the stress scales of the Recovery- Stress Questionnaire for Athletes and in the State Anxiety Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory also showed signifi cant increases during T3. The lack of eff ects in biomarkers together with the changes observed in psychological assessment indicates that an intensifi ed training can produce psychological disturbances prone to early overreaching development. Additionally, it seems that psychological parameters are sensitive markers to detect stress produced by load increases.SIThis work was supported by the Acción Estratégica Sobre el Deporte, Spain (grants n ° 2006-56141-C03-01 to J. G., n ° 2006- 56141-C03-02 to S.M., and n ° 2006-56141-C03-03 to F.S.

Comparasion of two minimally invasive methods on the longevity of glass ionomer cement restorations: short-term results of a pilot study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations comparing two minimally invasive methods in permanent teeth after 12 months. Fifty pregnant women (second trimester of pregnancy), mean age 22 ± 5.30 years, were treated by two previously trained operators. The treatment approaches tested were: chemomechanical method (CarisolvTM; MediTeam) and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). A split-mouth study design was used in which the two treatments were randomly placed in 50 matched pairs of permanent teeth. The chemomechanical method (CM) was the test group and the ART was the control group. The treatments were performed in Public Health Centers. The tested restorative material was a high-strength GIC (Ketac Molar; 3M/ESPE). The restorations were placed according to the ART guidelines. Two calibrated independent examiners evaluated the restorations in accordance with ART criteria. The inter-examiner kappa was 0.97. Data were analyzed using 95% confidence interval on the binomial distribution and Fisher's exact test at 5% significance level. In a 12-month follow-up, 86% of the restorations were evaluated. In the test group (CM), 100% (CI=93.3-100%) of the restorations were considered successful. In the control group (ART) 97.6% (CI=87.4-99.9%) of the restorations were considered successful and 2.4% unsuccessful (marginal defect >;0.5 mm). There was no statistically significant difference between the 12-mounth success rate for both groups (Fisher's exact test: P=0.49) and between the two operators (Fisher's exact test: P=1.00). Both minimally invasive methods, chemomechanical method and ART, showed a similar clinical performance after 12 months of follow up

Comparasion of two minimally invasive methods on the longevity of glass ionomer cement restorations: short-term results of a pilot study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations comparing two minimally invasive methods in permanent teeth after 12 months. Fifty pregnant women (second trimester of pregnancy), mean age 22 ± 5.30 years, were treated by two previously trained operators. The treatment approaches tested were: chemomechanical method (CarisolvTM; MediTeam) and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). A split-mouth study design was used in which the two treatments were randomly placed in 50 matched pairs of permanent teeth. The chemomechanical method (CM) was the test group and the ART was the control group. The treatments were performed in Public Health Centers. The tested restorative material was a high-strength GIC (Ketac Molar; 3M/ESPE). The restorations were placed according to the ART guidelines. Two calibrated independent examiners evaluated the restorations in accordance with ART criteria. The inter-examiner kappa was 0.97. Data were analyzed using 95% confidence interval on the binomial distribution and Fisher's exact test at 5% significance level. In a 12-month follow-up, 86% of the restorations were evaluated. In the test group (CM), 100% (CI=93.3-100%) of the restorations were considered successful. In the control group (ART) 97.6% (CI=87.4-99.9%) of the restorations were considered successful and 2.4% unsuccessful (marginal defect >0.5 mm). There was no statistically significant difference between the 12-mounth success rate for both groups (Fisher's exact test: P=0.49) and between the two operators (Fisher's exact test: P=1.00). Both minimally invasive methods, chemomechanical method and ART, showed a similar clinical performance after 12 months of follow up.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES