Cognitive-behavioral therapy in smoking cessation: a review of the literature

Background: Smoking cessation is associated with significant health benefits. A review on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in smoking cessation would help identify proven effective interventions and enable more informed treatment decisions. Objective: The aim of this theoretical review is to map the effectiveness of CBT and its components in smoking cessation using a non-systematic search. Methods: 272 reviews published in English in the last 10 years were found in the PubMed database using keywords. These were sorted out and supplemented with other articles for a total of 108 processed articles. Results: The effectiveness of CBT in smoking cessation as a stand-alone treatment or treatment enhancing the pharmacotherapy has been demonstrated in large clinical trials, both in individual (RR vs. minimal intervention 1.57 (1.40 - 1.77)) and in group counseling (RR vs. self-help program 1.88 (1.52 - 2.33)). The effectiveness increased with the intensity of the therapy. Of the individual components, commitment, feedback to behavior, social reward, identity associated with changed behavior and financial reward were significantly effective. Information about emotional consequences and reframing the slip had a significantly negative impact. The effectiveness of improving coping skills...Východiska: Zanechání kouření je spojeno s významným zdravotním přínosem. Přehled literatury o účinnosti kognitivně-behaviorální terapie (KBT) v odvykání kouření by pomohl rozpoznat prokazatelně účinné intervence a umožnil informovanější rozhodování o způsobech léčby. Cíl: Cílem této teoretické přehledové práce je zmapovat účinnost KBT a jejích jednotlivých prvků v odvykání kouření pomocí nesystematické rešerše. Metody: V databázi PubMed bylo pomocí klíčových slov vyhledáno 272 review publikovaných v anglickém jazyce v posledních 10 letech. Ta byla selektována a doplněna o další články na celkový počet 108 zpracovaných článků. Výsledky: Účinnost KBT jako samostatné léčby i léčby zvyšující účinek farmakoterapie v odvykání kouření byla prokázána v rozsáhlých klinických studiích, a to jak v individuálním (RR proti minimální intervenci 1.57 (1.40 - 1.77)), tak ve skupinovém (RR proti svépomocnému programu 1.88 (1.52 - 2.33)) poradenství. Účinnost se zvyšovala s intenzitou terapie. Analýza účinnosti jednotlivých složek KBT ukázala signifikantně pozitivní efekt závazku, zpětné vazby k chování, společenské odměny, identity spojené se změněným chováním a finanční odměny. Signifikantně negativní dopad měly dvě techniky, informace o emočních důsledcích a přerámování lapsu. Nepodařilo se prokázat účinnost...Klinika adiktologie 1. LF UK a VFNDepartment of Addictology First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in PragueFirst Faculty of Medicine1. lékařská fakult

Song as a tool for learning in children with mental retardation

The thesis on Song as a tool for learning in children with mental retardation presents a view on the use of songs as a way of acquiring knowledge and skills for preschool and younger school-age children. It introduces the reader to the theoretical background of intellectual disability and gives emphasis to the specifics in learning. The work also defines the differences between special music education, music therapy, and music filetic to avoid the common misconception that often considers all work with music and people with disabilities as music therapy. Based on a literature search, this paper presents the educational potential of song, which lies mainly in the development of the child's cognitive, auditory, speech, orientation, social and emotional skills. The use of songs in creating a positive atmosphere that improves the conditions for learning also appears to be important. The experiences of several kindergarten and primary school teachers who routinely incorporate songs into children's learning are elaborated in the research. The analysis of the songs used focuses in particular on whether the songs are suitable for children and what their educational potential is (what they can develop in children). Furthermore, the thesis presents several foreign songs adapted for the Czech school...Diplomová práce na téma Píseň jako prostředek učení dětí s mentálním postižením přináší pohled na využití písní jako způsobu získávání znalostí a dovedností pro děti předškolního a mladšího školního věku. Seznamuje čtenáře s teoretickými východisky mentálního postižení a dává důraz na specifika v učení. Práce též vymezuje rozdíly mezi speciální hudební výchovou, muzikoterapií a muzikofiletikou, aby předešla časté miskoncepci, která má tendenci považovat každou práci s hudbou a lidmi s postižením za muzikoterapii. Na základě rešerše odborné literatury představuje práce edukativní potenciál písně, který spočívá zejména v rozvoji kognitivních, sluchových, řečových, orientačních, sociálních a emočních schopností a dovedností dítěte. Jako důležité se též jeví využití písní k budování pozitivní atmosféry, která zkvalitňuje podmínky k učení. V rámci výzkumu jsou zpracovány zkušenosti několika vyučujících z mateřských a základních škol, kteří písně do výuky dětí běžně zapojují. Analýza používaných písní se zaměřuje zejména na to, zda jsou písně pro děti vhodné a jaký mají edukativní potenciál (co mohou u dětí rozvíjet). Dále práce přináší několik písní zahraničních adaptovaných pro české školní prostředí a několik písní autorských, které by mohly být využité při výchově a výuce dětí.Katedra hudební výchovyPedagogická fakultaFaculty of Educatio

Anesthesiological nursing care of the patient during the bladder cancer cystectomy

Department of Nursing 3FM CUÚstav ošetřovatelství 3. LF UK3. lékařská fakultaThird Faculty of Medicin

LIME: A New Membrane Raft-associated Adaptor Protein Involved in CD4 and CD8 Coreceptor Signaling

Lymphocyte membrane rafts contain molecules critical for immunoreceptor signaling. Here, we report identification of a new raft-associated adaptor protein LIME (Lck-interacting molecule) expressed predominantly in T lymphocytes. LIME becomes tyrosine phosphorylated after cross-linking of the CD4 or CD8 coreceptors. Phospho-LIME associates with the Src family kinase Lck and its negative regulator, Csk. Ectopic expression of LIME in Jurkat T cells results in an increase of Csk in lipid rafts, increased phosphorylation of Lck and higher Ca2+ response to CD3 stimulation. Thus, LIME appears to be involved in regulation of T cell activation by coreceptors

Non–T Cell Activation Linker (NTAL): A Transmembrane Adaptor Protein Involved in Immunoreceptor Signaling

A key molecule necessary for activation of T lymphocytes through their antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) is the transmembrane adaptor protein LAT (linker for activation of T cells). Upon TCR engagement, LAT becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated and then serves as a scaffold organizing a multicomponent complex that is indispensable for induction of further downstream steps of the signaling cascade. Here we describe the identification and preliminary characterization of a novel transmembrane adaptor protein that is structurally and evolutionarily related to LAT and is expressed in B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and mast cells but not in resting T lymphocytes. This novel transmembrane adaptor protein, termed NTAL (non–T cell activation linker) is the product of a previously identified WBSCR5 gene of so far unknown function. NTAL becomes rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated upon cross-linking of the B cell receptor (BCR) or of high-affinity Fcγ- and Fcɛ-receptors of myeloid cells and then associates with the cytoplasmic signaling molecules Grb2, Sos1, Gab1, and c-Cbl. NTAL expressed in the LAT-deficient T cell line J.CaM2.5 becomes tyrosine phosphorylated and rescues activation of Erk1/2 and minimal transient elevation of cytoplasmic calcium level upon TCR/CD3 cross-linking. Thus, NTAL appears to be a structural and possibly also functional homologue of LAT in non–T cells

Evaluation of the Success of the Recovery of Claims of Social Security Contributions within the Czech Social Security Administration

The thesis analyzes the relevant methods of enforcement of debts to the social security contributions and evaluates the succes rate of individual procedures within the Czech social security administration. The first part of the work is focused on defining the theoretical background, as the basic concepts, including the basic layout of the social security. Furthermore, it presents the general procedure of enforcement of claims in the splitting of the administrative and judicial enforcement of the decision and the application of the claims in the other proceedings. In the analytical part are analyzed and compared different methods of enforcement, both in cooperation with court executors and tax execution, especially their impact on the development of receivables and collection of premiums in 2013 and 2014, and the effectiveness of various methods in practise. Based on the survey proposes some possible solutions leading to increased succes practices of individual methods of recovery and also to streamline, improve and speed up the work of employees who deal with debt recovery

Vliv složení oceli na jakost zinkových povlaků

Prezenční výpůjčkaVŠB - Technická univerzita Ostrava. Fakulta metalurgie a materiálového inženýrství. Katedra (636) materiálového inženýrstv

Life Satisfaction in Old Age

The paper describes life satisfaction in old age. The theoretical part defines negative and positive aspects of old age, and further describes cognitive and emotional changes. The main content of the theoretical part is focused on life satisfaction, purposfulness and self-conception of seniors. The practical part includes qualitative research, which survays life satisfaction of seniors, directed on four dimensions of human life: self-conception, purpose of life, family and social relations. The aim of the practical part was to find out the subjective evaluation of seniors which concerns the complete life satisfaction and influence of the four dimensions on life satisfaction in old age

Cognitive-behavioral therapy in smoking cessation: a review of the literature

Background: Smoking cessation is associated with significant health benefits. A review on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in smoking cessation would help identify proven effective interventions and enable more informed treatment decisions. Objective: The aim of this theoretical review is to map the effectiveness of CBT and its components in smoking cessation using a non-systematic search. Methods: 272 reviews published in English in the last 10 years were found in the PubMed database using keywords. These were sorted out and supplemented with other articles for a total of 108 processed articles. Results: The effectiveness of CBT in smoking cessation as a stand-alone treatment or treatment enhancing the pharmacotherapy has been demonstrated in large clinical trials, both in individual (RR vs. minimal intervention 1.57 (1.40 - 1.77)) and in group counseling (RR vs. self-help program 1.88 (1.52 - 2.33)). The effectiveness increased with the intensity of the therapy. Of the individual components, commitment, feedback to behavior, social reward, identity associated with changed behavior and financial reward were significantly effective. Information about emotional consequences and reframing the slip had a significantly negative impact. The effectiveness of improving coping skills..