Tipología de productores de chile seco en Zacatecas, México

Chili pepper is a vegetable of commercial importance that is cultivated globally. In Mexico, the state of Zacatecas is the first place in surface sown for the production of dry chili pepper, and the number of farmers devoted to this crop highlights its socioeconomic importance. The characterization of farmers according to their management, productive, social and economic variables allow to understand the technologies used and decision-making at the level of production unit to develop differentiated policies by production system. Therefore, in this study the objective was to analyze and identify the types of dry chili pepper farmers in Zacatecas. The data were gathered through a survey with 66 dry chili pepper farmers in Zacatecas, Mexico, and they were analyzed through conglomerates, one-factor analysis of variance, multidimensional scaling and correspondence analysis. The results suggest three types of farmers: 1) traditional, 2) intermediate, and 3) entrepreneurial. Of the farmers, 78.7% were found in the last category, which explains the competitiveness of the crop in face of other product systems and other states of the Mexican Republic.El chile es una hortaliza de importancia comercial que se cultiva a nivel mundial. En México, el estado de Zacatecas se posiciona en el primer lugar en superficie sembrada para la producción de chile seco y el número de productores dedicados a este cultivo realza su importancia socioeconómica. La caracterización de producto­res, de acuerdo con sus variables de manejo, productivas, sociales y económicas permiten conocer las tecnolo­gías utilizadas y la toma de decisiones a nivel de unidad de producción para desarrollar políticas diferenciadas por sistema de producción. Por ello, en esta investigación se buscó analizar e identificar los tipos de producto­res de chile seco en Zacatecas. Los datos se recopilaron a través de una encuesta a 66 productores de chile seco en Zacatecas, México y se analizaron mediante conglomerados, análisis de varianza de un factor, escalamiento multidimensional y análisis de correspondencia. Los resultados sugieren tres tipos de productores: 1) tradicio­nales, 2) intermedios y 3) empresariales. En esta última categoría, se ubicó a 78.7% de los productores, lo cual explica la competitividad del cultivo ante otros sistemas producto y otros estados de la República Mexicana

CONSUMO DE FERTILIZANTES EN EL SECTOR AGRÍCOLA DE MÉXICO: UN ESTUDIO SOBRE LOS FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA TASA DE ADOPCIÓN

Se analizo el consumo de fertilizantes en el Sector Agrícola de México a través de un estudio sobre los factores que afectan la tasa de adopciónPara determinar los factores que afectan la probabilidad de usar fertilizantes en el sector agrícola de México, se empleó un modelo logit donde la variable dependiente es el logit de la razón de probabilidades de usar fertilizantes contra no usarlo, y las variables independientes son factores económicos, geográficos y políticos que afectan la tasa de adopción de fertilizantes (TAF). El conocimiento de los factores que determinan el aumento de la TAF es importante en el bienestar del productor por los ingresos que se pueden obtener. Los resultados indican que en el periodo 2011-2013 la TAF fue 64,7%, lo cual significa que 35,3% de la superficie sembrada no hace uso de abonos. Existe una relación positiva entre la TAF y el tamaño del predio, el ingreso de los productores, el pago directo de PROCAMPO, la cantidad de tractores y el nivel de educación de la población rural. El modelo también señala la existencia de una relación negativa entre la TAF y los precios del fertilizante, la semilla mejorada y los plaguicidas. Si el tamaño de predio y el ingreso por hectárea aumentan en 5%, entonces la TAF aumenta en 0,3 y 1,6%, respectivamente. Una disminución de 5% en el precio del fertilizante aumentaría la TAF en 3,7%. Ante una disminución simultánea de 5% en los precios del fertilizante, semilla y plaguicidas, la TAF aumentaría en 6,1%. Esto demuestra la importancia de los insumos agrícolas como fuente de crecimiento en la productividad

Tipología de consumidores de miel con educación universitaria en México

Mexico is a honey-producing country, paradoxically, its per capita consumption is low compared to European countries. The objective was to make a typology of honey consumers in Mexico with a minimum educational level of bachelor’s degree in ages from 20 to 60 years and to determine their socioeconomic characteristics and aspects that motivate consumption. A questionnaire was applied to a sample of 1,003 honey consumers who met the conditions of age and school level. The information was analyzed using cluster and discriminant analysis. Three types of consumers were identified: 1) educated consumers with average income (34.4 %), they were those who consume honey frequently, have extensive knowledge about beekeeping by-products and honey properties, prefer to buy the product from beekeepers; 2) highly educated consumers with high income (25.8 %), most of them have postgraduate degrees and receive income greater than $5,000 per week, they were people of mature age and with moderate consumption of honey, a third of this group only know honey, have knowledge of its properties and qualities, they are indifferent to the place of purchase; and 3) educated consumers with low income (39.8$5,000 semanales, fueron personas en edad madura y con consumo moderado de miel, una tercera parte de este grupo solo conocen la miel, tienen conocimiento de sus propiedades y cualidades, les es indiferente el lugar de compra; y 3) consumidores educados con ingreso bajo (39.8 %), agrupó a consumidores jóvenes que solo tienen nivel de licenciatura, su consumo es moderado, prefieren comprar el producto en mercados.  Los grupos de consumidores conformados brindan información sobre un segmento del mercado de la miel en México, es necesario continuar realizando investigaciones sobre temas referentes a consumo y preferencia de los consumidores de miel en México

Social network of producers of dehydrated products with thermosolar technology in Zacatecas, Mexico

Objective: analyze the social networks and the trust that exists among the producers of dehydrated products with solar thermal technology in the agricultural strip of Zacatecas, in order to determine the organizational potential through prevailing levels of trust among the producers. Design/methodology/approach: a survey was applied to 30 dehydrated producers who have received training and information on the use of the solar thermal plant, all belonging to the state of Zacatecas. Indicators were used for the analysis of social networks. Results: the results confirmed the importance of direct and indirect links, of the total number of producers, eighteen of them had no relationship with any producer, however, the rest showed at least one interaction with another producer. The producers have notable characteristics and acceptable trust relationships. Limitations on study/implications: the results apply to the selected sample; the thermosolar food dehydration technology is still unknown among the producers. Findings/conclusions: trust relationships must be strengths and strategies must be created to disseminate knowledge in a timely and efficient manner with key stakeholders and strengthen their pre-existing interactions.Objective: To analyze the social networks and the trust there is among the producers of dehydrated productswith thermosolar technology in the agricultural strip of Zacatecas, in order to determine the organizationalpotential through prevailing levels of trust between producers.Design/methodology/approach: A survey was applied to 30 producers of dehydrated products who havereceived training and information about the use of the thermosolar plant, all belonging to the state of Zacatecas.Indicators were used for the social networks analysis.Results: The results confirmed the importance of direct and indirect links; of all the producers, eighteenhad no relationship with any other producer, although the rest showed at least one interaction with anotherproducer. The producers have notable characteristics and acceptable trust relationships.Limitations on study/implications: The results apply to the selected sample; thermosolar food dehydrationtechnology is still unknown among the producers.Findings/conclusions: Trust relationships must be strengthened and strategies should be created to disseminateknowledge in a timely and efficient manner with key stakeholders and thus boost their pre-existing interactions

INVENTORIES IN THE SUGAR MARKET IN MEXICO

Objective: The objective was determining the minimum inventory that guarantees the supply of domestic consumption and sugar exports in México. The hypothesis establishes that an optimal inventory would mean lower storage costs and will increase the income of the sugar producer. Methodology. To achieve the objective a spatial and temporal equilibrium model was formulated and applied to the sugar market in the consumption cycle 2015. Results. With an average monthly inventory of 831 thousand t of sugar the sugar’s industry maintains high inventories of sweetener for most months of the year. The previous inventory level could decrease to 416 thousand tons, as this level guarantee the supply of domestic demand and exports in the analysis year Implications: A policy that keeps sugar inventories to lowest level allows diminish the storage costs by 594 million pesos and to increase the producer income by 635 million pesos. Conclusions: Because of the positive effects on the income producer, it is recommended that the sugar industry promotes a policy to establish a minimum inventory.                                            Objective: To determine the minimum inventory which guarantees the domestic consumption supply and sugar exports in Mexico. The hypothesis was that an optimal inventory would lower storage costs and increase the sugar producers’ income. Methodology: To achieve the objective a spatial and temporal equilibrium model applied to the Mexican sugar market for the 2015 sugar cycle was formulated. Results: The sugar industry in Mexico maintains an average monthly inventory of 831 thousand tons of sugar, a high inventory for most of the year. The inventory level could decrease to 416 thousand tons, given that this level guarantees the supply of the domestic demand and exports in the assessed year. Implications: A management policy that keeps sugar inventories at their minimum level allows for a reduction of storage costs by 594 million pesos (MXN) and increases the income of the sugar producers by 635 million pesos (MXN). Conclusions: Due to the positive effects on the producer's income, it is recommended that the sugar sector promotes a minimum inventory policy

Linkage to the market of jalapeño pepper producers through supplier development in Quintana Roo

Objective. Analyze the characteristics and demand for jalapeño pepper in the restaurant sector in Quintana Roo to identify the supply requirements of this sector. Design / methodology / approach A random sample of 72 restaurants surveyed online was used. Results. 87.5% of restaurants have been established in less than six years, and although most of the establishments sell Mexican food, only 41.6% are interested in supplying jalapeño pepper producers. Limitations/implications. Formalizing a supply strategy requires the social capital of the producers. Findings/conclusions. Restaurants require consistent delivery frequency, product size, spicy pepper, and color.Objective: To analyze the jalapeño pepper characteristics and demand of the restaurant sector in Quintana Roo, in order to identify the supply requirements of this sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: A random sample of n=73 restaurants were surveyed online. Results: Most of the restaurants (87.5%) have been in business for less than six years and —although most of them sell Mexican food— only 41.6% are interested in purchasing jalapeño peppers from the producers. Study Limitations/Implications: Producers must invest their social capital in order to firmly establish a supply strategy. Findings/Conclusions: The restaurants that purchase jalapeño pepper demand a constant delivery frequency, size, pungency level, and specific color

Assessing the benefits of a fertilizers program for the welfare on the corn (Zea mays L.) market in Chiapas, Mexico

Objective: To assess the impact that the Fertilizers Program for the Welfare would have on corn production and consumption in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Methodology: A spatial equilibrium model applied to the corn market in the state of Chiapas for 2018 was used. To assess the benefits of policy implementation, producer and consumer surpluses were calculated with and without the Fertilizers Program. Results: The results indicate that the implementation of the program increases production and consumption of corn by 171 and 115 thousand tons, which would represent an increase of 13 and 8.3%, compared to the base model with no program. The producer and consumer surpluses would increase by 6 and 4.5 million pesos (MXN), which would represent an increase of more than 10 million pesos in the welfare of society in the state. Study limitations/implications: The positive effects on corn producers and consumers imply that the policy should be extended to all those regions that have the potential to increase production via their yield. Conclusions: The program has positive effects on the corn market by increasing corn production, consumption and societal welfare. dad

Confianza y redes sociales en productores de hortalizas en San Luis Potosí, México

In this study, there were two objectives: a) analyzing the social networks of vegetable producers in the middle zone of San Luis Potosí, México, in order to determine their organization; and b) establishing the importance that trust has for business relations such as loaning money, asking for money or setting up a society. Surveys were applied to 35 producers, who referenced 170 names that were later concentrated into 39 producers. With the field information, symmetrical matrices were built to schematize the network structure, and three logistic regression models were formulated to establish the probability of intention for action based on trust. The results show the importance that proximity between actors has. It is concluded that different levels of trust explain the disposition to lending money, setting up a society and, to a lesser degree, asking for money on loan.En la presente investigación se tuvieron dos objetivos: a) analizar las redes sociales de los productores de hortalizas de la zona media de San Luis Potosí, México, a fin de determinar su organización; y b) establecer la importancia que tiene la confianza para las relaciones de negocios como prestar dinero, pedir dinero o hacer una sociedad. Se encuestó a 35 productores, que referenciaron 170 nombres que posteriormente se concentraron en 39 productores. Con la información de campo se construyeron matrices simétricas para esquematizar la estructura de la red y se formularon tres modelos de regresión logística para establecer la probabilidad de la intención de acción basada en la confianza. Los resultados muestran la importancia que tiene la proximidad entre actores. Se concluye que diferentes niveles de confianza explican la disposición a prestar dinero, hacer una sociedad y, en menor medida, a pedir dinero prestado

Análisis de la función de producción de leche en el sistema bovinos doble propósito en Ahome, Sinaloa

The objective was to estimate a production function that describes the relationship between production and milk production factors in the dual purpose bovine system in the municipality of Ahome, Sinaloa. With information from 74 production units a Cobb Douglas production function was estimated. The model obtained was Y=0.78. Of the three variables analyzed, only the agricultural area and the number of adult cows were significant (P<0.05). The coefficient of determination obtained was 55.03 %. The use of the agricultural area, as well as the number of adult cows present a low marginal productivity, so that milk production shows decreasing returns to scale. It is concluded that under the current combination and use of resources, the production of bovine milk in northern Sinaloa is inefficient and the total product is below the potential that could be obtained with improvements and use of technology in food and genetic improvement of livestock.El objetivo fue estimar una función de producción que describa la relación que guarda la producción y los factores productivos de leche, en el sistema bovinos doble propósito en el municipio de Ahome, Sinaloa. Con información de 74 unidades de producción se estimó una función de producción de tipo Cobb Douglas. El modelo obtenido fue Y=0.78.  De las tres variables analizadas, solo la superficie agrícola y el número de vacas adultas fueron significativas (P<0.05). El coeficiente de determinación obtenido fue 55.03 %. El uso de la superficie agrícola, así como el número de vacas adultas presentan una baja productividad marginal, por lo que la producción de leche presenta rendimientos decrecientes a escala. Se concluye que bajo la actual combinación y uso de los recursos, la producción de leche de bovinos en el norte de Sinaloa es ineficiente, y el producto total está por debajo del potencial que pudiera obtener con mejoras, y uso de tecnología en la alimentación y mejoramiento genético del ganado

Current and potential demand of fertilizers in Mexico

Objective: To diagnose the market situation of fertilizers through the statistical analysis of the main market variables, considering the importance of fertilizers as a strategic input for increasing productivity in the agricultural sector. Methodology: The growth of the apparent domestic consumption of fertilizers for the 2007-2020 period, the variables that determine it, and the current and potential demand per state in 2019 were estimated. Results: During the period under analysis, fertilizer consumption grew at an annual rate of 4.8 %, reaching 6.3 million tons in 2020. Almost 75 % of consumption was supplied by imports and only 25 % was supplied by domestic production. If 100 % of the sown area was fertilized, the potential demand for fertilizers would exceed 8 million tons. Implications: The country's heavy dependence on fertilizer imports means that the Mexican agricultural sector is vulnerable to a potential increase in fertilizer prices, as a result of the crisis that the global agrochemicals market is currently facing. Conclusions: Given Mexico's dependence on fertilizer imports, the domestic industry must be strengthened, in order to increase production and satisfy a greater percentage of the domestic demand