Ocena kvaliteta vode za navodnjavanje sa teritorije AP Vojvodine

Intensive crop cultivation systems require continuous monitoring of irrigation water quality as well as the control of physical and chemical soil properties. In view of the ongoing climate change and a dramatic decrease in soil organic matter content, the use of low quality irrigation water and its adverse effects on soil, cultivated plants and irrigation equipment must not be overlooked. The aim of this paper was to evaluate general quality of irrigation water from the different water intake sources in the Vojvodina Province. The paper presents the results of irrigation water quality, collected during 2018 and 2019. The research included 140 irrigation water samples obtained from three different intake structures which collect water from wells, canals or reservoirs. Water quality was assessed using the following parameters: pH value, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), ionic balance, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) value. Water quality diagram given by the US Salinity Laboratory (USSL) and FAO guidelines for interpretation water quality for irrigation was used. Additionally, the Nejgebauer classification for irrigation water, developed specifically for the area of Vojvodina, was used as a third classification. Based on the results of mineralization of the irrigation water, the following values of the observed parameters were determined: average pH of the analyzed water samples were 7.89, ranged from 7.14 to 9.01, while electrical conductivity values ranged from 0.10 to 3.50 dS/m, with an average of 0.85 dS/m. TDS analysis resulted in a wide range of values, from 112 mg/l to 2,384 mg/l, with an average of 529,22 mg/l. SAR values varied between 0.04–16.52 with a satisfactory average of 1.97. The USSL water classification produced similar results as FAO classification and RSC index <0, indicating that 57% of investigating samples are without concerns for irrigation use. Whereas, Nejgebauers classification and RSC index 0–1.25 shows that over 75% of analyzed samples are suitable and safe for irrigation and soil properties. Since the quality of irrigation water significantly affects plant productivity, as well as determines the chemical and physical properties of agricultural land, monitoring of water quality for irrigation is of high importanceU intenzivnim sistemima gajenja biljaka, pored kontrole fizičkih i hemijskih osobina zemljišta, neophodno je vršiti i kontinuirano praćenje kvaliteta vode za navodnjavanje. U svetlu nadolazećih klimatskih promena, kao i zabrinjavajućeg opadanja sadržaja organske materije, ne smeju se zanemariti i nepovoljne posledice primene vode neodgovarajućeg kvaliteta na navodnjavano zemljište, gajene biljke i opremu za navodnjavanje. U radu su prikazani rezultati kvaliteta vode koja se koristi za navodnjavanje, prikupljeni tokom 2018. i 2019. godine. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 140 uzoraka vode iz razli­ čitih vodozahvata poreklom iz površinskih bunara, kanalske mreže i akumulacija za navodnjavanje. Za ocenu kvaliteta vode analizirani su sledeći parametri: pH vrednost, elektroprovodljivost (EC), suvi ostatak, jonski bilans, kao i koeficijent adsorpcije natrijuma (SAR) i vrednost rezidualnog natrijum-karbonata (RSC). Uobičajeno je da se za ovu namenu koristi i klasifikacija prema Američkoj laboratoriji za slatine (USSL) kao i FAO procena kvaliteta vode za navodnjavanje. Za prostore AP Vojvodine razvijena je i Nejgebauerova klasifikacija koju smo takođe iskoristili za potrebe ocenjivanja. Na osnovu rezultata mineralizacije vode za navodnjavanje, utvrđene su sledeće vrednosti posmatranih para­ metara: prosečno izračunata pH vrednost analiziranih voda iznosila je 7,89 (min=7,14, max=9,01), vrednosti elektroprovodljivosti kretale su se u opsegu od 0,10 do 3,50 dS/m, sa prosečnom vrednošću 0,85 dS/m. U odnosu na vrednosti suvog ostataka, ispitivane vrednosti kretale su se u širokom opsegu, od 112 mg/l do 2.384 mg/l, s prosečnom vrednošću 529,22 mg/l. SAR vrednosti varirale su u opsegu 0,04–16,52 i zadovoljavajućim prosekom od 1,97. Klasifikacija prema Američkoj laboratoriji za slatine (USSL) pokazuje slične rezultate kao FAO klasifikacija i RSC indeks <0, ukazujući na to da 57% istraživanih uzoraka nije zabrinjavajuće za upotrebu u navodnjavanju. Nejgebauerova klasifikacija i RSC indeks 0–1,25 pokazuju da je preko 75% analiziranih uzoraka pogodno i za navodnjavanje i sigurno za očuvanje fizičko hemijskih svojstava zemljišta. Budući da kvalitet vode za navodnjavanje značajno utiče na produktivnost biljaka, kao i da značajno može uticati na hemijske i fizičke osobine poljoprivrednog zemljišta, praćenje kvaliteta vode za navodnjavanje od izuzetne je važnosti

Effect of irrigation on yield, water productivity and leaf area index of maize

Ogled sa navodnjavanjem kukuruza izveden je 2019. godine na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada u Odeljenju za alternativne biljne kulture u Bačkom Petrovcu(N 45°19`, E 19°50`), na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem lesne terase. U istraživanjima je korišćen hibrid NS 3023 (FAO 390).Navodnjavanje je obavljeno sistemom kap po kap sa postavljenim lateralima u svakom redu, sa razmakom kapljača od 0,33 m i protokom 2,0 l h-1 pri radnom pritisku od 100 kPa. Vreme zalivanja je odredjivano vodnim bilansom. U ogledu je bila zastupljena i kontrolna, nenavodnjavana varijanta.Dnevni utrošak vode na evapotranspiraciju biljaka (ETd) računat je množenjem referentne evapotranspiracije (ETo) sa koeficijentima kulture (kc). ETo je računata Hargreaves jednačinom. Korišćene su kc vrednosti 0,3-0,5, 0,7-0,85, 0,9-1,1, 0,8-0,9, 0,5-0,6 za april i maj, jun, jul, avgust i septembar. Površina lista odredjena je množenjem dužine sa širinom lista sa korekcionim faktorom za kukuruz 0,75 (shape factor).Efikasnost iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem (IWUE) je obračunata iz odnosa prinosa kukuruza u uslovima sa (Ym) i bez navodnjavanja (Ya) i norme navodnjavanja (I). Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi efekat navodnjavanja sistemom kap po kap na prinos, efikasnost iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem i indeks lisne površine kukuruza.Navodnjavanje je signifikantno uticalo na prinos kukuruza; prosečan prinos navodnjavanog kukuruza bio je 10894kg ha-1, a nenavodnjavanog7276 kg ha-1. Takodje,utvrđen je signifikantan uticaj navodnjavanja na indeks lisne površine (LAI) koji je izosio 4,07 m2 m-2 na navodnjavanoj varijanti i 3,49 m2 m-2 na nenavodnjavanoj. Vrednost IWUE bila je 2,41 kg m-3.The experiment with irrigated maize was conducted at Bački Petrovac experimental field (N 45°19`, E 19°50`) of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad on the calcareous chernozem soil on the loess terrace in 2019. Maize hybrid NS 3023 (FAO 390) was used for the trials. The plants were drip irrigated with a lateral row per plant row with drippers spaced every 0.33 m. The drippers had an average flow of 2.0 l h-1 under a pressure of 100 kPa. The trial also included the non-irrigated (rainfed) control variant.Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of water balance method using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (kc). ETo was calculated by Hargreaves equation. Daily evapotranspiration (ETd) was computed using ETo and kc of 0.3-0.5, 0.7-0.85, 1.05-1.2, 0.8-0.9, and 0.5-0.6 for April-May, June, July August and September respectively. Leaf area index (LAI) was determined by multiplying the leaf length by the leaf width by a shape factor for maize 0.75. Irrigation water use (IWUE) was calculated from the ratio of maize yield in conditions with (Ym) and without irrigation (Ya) and irrigation water applied (I).The aim of the study was to determine the effect of drip irrigation on yield, water use efficiency and maize leaf area index.Irrigation significantly affected maize yield; yield of irrigated maize was 10894 kg ha-1, and of nonirrigated 7276 kg ha-1.The affect of irrigation on the leaf area index (LAI) was also significantand amounted to 4.07 m2 m-2 on irrigated variant and to 3.49 m2 m-2 on nonirrigated variant. Maize IWUE value of 2.41 kg m-3 was determined

Genetic diversity and population structure of bat flies of the family Nycteribiidae and mites of the family Spinturnicidae, ectoparasites of the two cavernicolous bat species in Serbia

Studija predstavlja prvo istraživanje genetičkog diverziteta mitohondrijskih gena beskrilnih muva i grinja, ektoparazita dve vrste slepih miševa, u Srbiji. Analizirani su sastav vrsta, specifičnost prema domaćinu i struktura populacija, te kvantitativni parametri parazitiranosti. Muve su testirane na prisustvo krvnog parazita Polychromophilus sp. čiji je genetički diverzitet takođe analiziran. Analizirani su genetički diverzitet i struktura populacija jedne vrste domaćina, M. schreibersii, koji su potom poređeni sa parametrima ektoparazita nađenih na njemu. Uzorci su prikupljeni sa 9 lokaliteta u Srbiji i Bosni i Hercegovini, sa ukupno 241 jedinke domaćina (Miniopterus schreibersii 168, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum 73). Prikupljeno je 369 jedinki beskrilnih muva (4 vrste) i 564 jedinki grinja (2 vrste), sa izuzetno izraženom specifičnošću prema primarnom domaćinu i bez ijednog zabeleženog slučaja unakrsne infekcije, uprkos činjenici da su domaćinske vrste povremeno delile skloništa. Domaćinska vrsta koja formira veće i gušće kolonije i migrira na veće distance, M. schreibersii, imala je veći intenzitet infekcije i diverzitet vrsta beskrilnih muva, a muve prikupljene sa nje imale su veći genetički diverzitet od muva prikupljenih sa drugog, manje mobilnog domaćina, R. ferrumequinum, u skladu sa očekivanjama. Parametri genetičkog diverziteta domaćina M. schreibersii i dveju ektoparazitskih vrsta, muve Nycteribia schmidlii i grinje Spinturnix psi nisu bili značajno korelisani. Infekcija parazitom Polychromophilus melanipherus detektovana je kod 33 beskrilne muve, od čega je samo jedna bila poreklom sa domaćina R. ferrumequinum - prvi takav slučaj zabeležen do sad. Potvrđen je značaj upotrebe ektoparazita koji se hrane krvlju u neinvazivnom testiranju populacija slepih miševa na prisustvo infekcija.This study represents the first investigation of genetic diversity of mitochondrial genes of bat flies and mites, ectoparasites of two bat species, in Serbia. Species composition, host specificity, population structure and quantitative parameters of parasitism were analyzed. The flies were tested for the presence of the blood parasite Polychromophilus sp., whose genetic diversity was also analyzed. The genetic diversity and population structure of one host species, Miniopterus schreibersii, were analyzed and then compared with those of its ectoparasites. Samples were collected from 9 sites in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina from a total of 241 host individuals (M. schreibersii 168, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum 73). 369 individuals of bat flies (4 species) and 564 individuals of mites (2 species) were collected, with a marked specificity for the primary host and without a single case of cross-infection recorded, despite the fact that the host species occasionally shared roosts. A host species that forms larger and denser colonies and migrates over longer distances, M. schreibersii, had a higher intensity of infection and species diversity of bat flies, and the flies collected from it had greater genetic diversity than those collected from the other, less mobile host R. ferrumequinum, as expected. The genetic diversity parameters of the host M. schreibersii and two ectoparasitic species, the bat fly Nycteribia schmidlii and the mite Spinturnix psi, were not significantly correlated. Infection with the parasite Polychromophilus melanipherus was detected in 33 bat flies, only one of which originated from the host R. ferrumequinum - the first such case recorded so far. The importance of using blood-feeding ectoparasites in non-invasive surveys of bat populations for the presence of infections was confirmed

Non-invasive investigation of Polychromophilus parasite infections in bat populations in Serbia using bat flies

Abstract Background Haemosporidian parasites of the genus Polychromophilus infect bats worldwide. They are vectored by obligate ectoparasitic bat flies of the family Nycteribiidae. Despite their global distribution, only five Polychromophilus morphospecies have been described to date. The two predominant species, Polychromophilus melanipherus and Polychromophilus murinus, are broadly distributed and mainly infect miniopterid and vespertilionid bats, respectively. In areas where species from different bat families aggregate together, the infection dynamics and ability of either Polychromophilus species to infect other host families is poorly characterized. Methods We collected 215 bat flies from two bat species, Miniopterus schreibersii and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, which sometimes form mixed clusters in Serbia. Miniopterus schreibersii is known to be frequently infected with P. melanipherus, whereas R. ferrumequinum has been observed to be incidentally infected with both Polychromophilus species. All flies were screened for Polychromophilus infections using a PCR targeting the haemosporidian cytb gene. Positive samples were subsequently sequenced for 579 bp of cytochrome b (cytb) and 945 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Results Polychromophilus melanipherus DNA was detected at six out of nine sampling locations and in all three examined bat fly species collected from M. schreibersii (Nycteribia schmidlii, n = 21; Penicillidia conspicua, n = 8; Penicillidia dufourii, n = 3). Four and five haplotypes were found for cytb and cox1, respectively. Evidence for multiple Polychromophilus haplotypes was found in 15 individual flies. These results point to a high diversity of P. melanipherus parasites in Miniopterus hosts and efficient transmission throughout the study area. A single Phthiridium biarticulatum bat fly collected from R. ferrumequinum screened positive for P. melanipherus, but only yielded a partial cox1 sequence fragment. Nevertheless, this result suggests that secondary hosts (both bat and fly species) are regularly confronted with this parasite. Conclusions The results of this study provide new insights into the prevalence and distribution of Polychromophilus parasites in European bats and their nycteribiid vectors. The use of bat flies for the non-invasive investigation of Polychromophilus infections in bat populations has proven to be efficient and thus represents an alternative for large-scale studies of infections in bat populations without the need to invasively collect blood from bats. Graphical Abstrac

The new highest number of B chromosomes (Bs) in Leisler’s bat Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817)

B chromosomes (Bs) are supernumerary to the standard chromosome set, from which they prevalently derive. Variation in numbers both among individuals or populations and among cells within individuals is their constant feature. Leisler’s bat Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817) is one of only four species of Chiroptera with detected Bs. Four males of N. leisleri were collected from two localities on the territory of Serbia and cytogenetically analysed. All animals had Bs with interindividual variability ranging from two to five heterochromatic micro Bs. The highest number of Bs was detected in this species. Among mammals, Rodentia and Chiroptera are orders with the largest number of species, but Bs frequently appear in rodents and rarely in chiropterans. Possible explanations for this difference are offered

Host&ndash;Parasite Relationship&mdash;Nematode Communities in Populations of Small Mammals

Nematode burdens and variation in morphological characteristics were assessed in eighty-eight animals from three host species (Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus flavicollis, and Myodes glareolus) from eight localities in Serbia. In total, 15 species of nematodes were identified, and the overall mean parasite species richness (IndPSR) was 1.61 per animal (1.98 in A. flavicollis, 1.43 in M. glareolus, and 0.83 in A. sylvaticus). Furthermore, the studied host species significantly differed in individual parasite load (IndPL) and in the following morphological characters: spleen mass, body condition index (BCI), and body mass. We aimed to analyze the relationship between the burden of intestinal nematodes, on one hand, and the body conditions of the host and its capability to develop immune defends on the other. Spleen mass was considered as a measure of immune response. In all host species, larger animals with a better condition (higher BCI) were infected with more parasites species (IndPSR), while parasite load was not related to BCI. Only in A. flavicollis were males significantly larger, but females of the same sizes were infected with more parasite species. This female-biased parasitism is contrary to the theoretical expectation that males should be more parasitized, being larger, more active, with a wider home range. Although the spleen size was significantly correlated with body condition and body mass, IndPSR was not related to spleen mass in any studied species, but in M. galareolus, we found that a smaller spleen was related to higher infection intensity (IndPL)

Cardiovascular variability and beta-ARs gene expression at two stages of doxorubicin - Induced cardiomyopathy

Using comprehensive analysis of heart rate (HRV) and blood pressure (BPV) short-term variability we estimated the time course of changes of autonomic nervous system remodeling in two stages of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DCM). We also investigated the level of gene expression of cardiac beta-1 (beta-1AR) and beta-2 (beta-2AR) adrenoceptors. Experiments were performed in adult male Wistar rats equipped with indwelling catheters for BP recording and blood withdrawal. A 15 mg/kg total cumulative dose of doxorubicin was injected i.p. to rats to induce DCM or saline for control (n = 18). Rats were assessed for general toxicity, cardiovascular hemodynamic and echocardiography before treatment (n = 6), 35 days (DOX35; n = 6) and 70 days (DOX70; n = 6) post-treatment. HRV was evaluated by spectral analysis, Poincare plots, sample and approximate entropy. Expression of beta-1AR and beta-2AR mRNA was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Doxorubicin-treated rats exhibited poor general condition and lower survival than saline-treated rats. In DOX35 rats, there were no echocardiography signs of decompensation, no increase in serum cardiac troponins, but there was an increase of HRV and decrease of HR complexity. In these rats typical microscopic signs of cardiotoxicity were seen along with over-expression of beta-1AR mRNA. 70 days post-treatment echocardiography revealed signs of decompensation and serum cardiac troponin T was increased. At this stage BPV decreased. In conclusion, HRV increase matches transient over expression of cardiac beta-1AR mRNA in compensate stage of DCM while decompensate stage of DCM is characterized by a decrease of BPV and no changes in beta-1AR and beta-2AR gene expression

Cardiovascular variability and beta-ARs gene expression at two stages of doxorubicin - Induced cardiomyopathy

Using comprehensive analysis of heart rate (HRV) and blood pressure (BPV) short-term variability we estimated the time course of changes of autonomic nervous system remodeling in two stages of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DCM). We also investigated the level of gene expression of cardiac beta-1 (beta-1AR) and beta-2 (beta-2AR) adrenoceptors. Experiments were performed in adult male Wistar rats equipped with indwelling catheters for BP recording and blood withdrawal. A 15 mg/kg total cumulative dose of doxorubicin was injected i.p. to rats to induce DCM or saline for control (n = 18). Rats were assessed for general toxicity, cardiovascular hemodynamic and echocardiography before treatment (n = 6), 35 days (DOX35; n = 6) and 70 days (DOX70; n = 6) post-treatment. HRV was evaluated by spectral analysis, Poincare plots, sample and approximate entropy. Expression of beta-1AR and beta-2AR mRNA was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Doxorubicin-treated rats exhibited poor general condition and lower survival than saline-treated rats. In DOX35 rats, there were no echocardiography signs of decompensation, no increase in serum cardiac troponins, but there was an increase of HRV and decrease of HR complexity. In these rats typical microscopic signs of cardiotoxicity were seen along with over-expression of beta-1AR mRNA. 70 days post-treatment echocardiography revealed signs of decompensation and serum cardiac troponin T was increased. At this stage BPV decreased. In conclusion, HRV increase matches transient over expression of cardiac beta-1AR mRNA in compensate stage of DCM while decompensate stage of DCM is characterized by a decrease of BPV and no changes in beta-1AR and beta-2AR gene expression

Olaparib Outcomes in Patients with BRCA 1-2 Mutated, Platinum-Sensitive, Recurrent Ovarian Cancer in Croatia: A Retrospective Noninterventional Study

Our objective was to assess the safety and efficacy of olaparib in maintenance therapy of BRCA 1-2 mutated, platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian carcinoma after the partial or complete response to the second or further lines platinum-based chemotherapy in a real-world setting. We performed a multicenter, real-world observational population-based cohort study on the whole population of Croatian patients initiated to olaparib maintenance therapy between 2016 and 2020. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival and the discontinuation of treatment because of adverse events. We enrolled the total population of 69 patients with the median (interquartile range; IQR) age of 53 (48–59), 56 (81%) of them with BRCA1 mutation. The median (IQR) follow-up was 16 (9–25) months. Treatment had to be discontinued because of toxicity in 2 (3%) and temporarily interrupted in 14 (20%), while dose was reduced because of toxicity in 18 (26%) of patients. Toxicity of any grade was observed in 61 (88%) patients and toxicity of grade 3 or 4 in 12 (17%). Median progression-free survival was 21 (95% CI 16-not calculable) months from the introduction of olaparib, and the median overall survival was not reached. Our study confirmed efficacy and safety of olaparib as the maintenance therapy of BRCA 1-2 mutated, platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian carcinoma. We observed the real-world efficacy and safety comparable to those observed in the randomized controlled trials. We found the interesting observation of better efficacy of 300 mg tablets, compared to 400 mg capsules, an issue that should be addressed on much larger real-world populations