A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment between a Metered Dose Inhaler and Electric Nebulizer

Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of a product based on the materials and processes used to manufacture the item as well as the item’s use and disposal. The objective of this LCA was to evaluate and compare the environmental impact of a metered dose inhaler, specifically the Proventil® HFA inhaler (Merk & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), and an electric nebulizer, specifically the DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide® nebulizer (DeVilbiss, Port Washington, NY, USA). GaBi LCA software was used to model the global warming potential (GWP) of each product by using substantiated data and well-justified assumptions for the components, manufacturing, assembly, and use of both devices. The functional unit used to model each device was one dose of the active drug, albuterol sulfate. The inhaler’s GWP, 0.0972 kg CO2-eq, was greater than the nebulizer’s even when uncertain parameters were varied ±100x. During the use phase ofa the inhaler, which accounted for approximately 96% of the inhaler’s total GWP, HFA 134a is used as a propellant to deliver the drug. The total GWP for the electric nebulizer was 0.0294 kg CO2-eq assuming that the mouthpiece was cleaned in a dishwasher, while it was 0.0477 kg CO2-eq when the nebulizer mouthpiece was hand washed between uses. The GWP breakeven scenario between dishwashing and hand washing occurred when the mouthpiece accounted for 10% of the dishwasher load

From Issus to Rhosus: an assessment of settlement dynamics in the Hellenistic countryside

The Seleucid Empire (312–63 BCE) of the Hellenistic period was one of the largest and most ethnically diverse imperial systems of the classical world. Owing to the limited coverage of archaeological surveys and inadequately dated archaeological remains, however, very little is known about the Hellenistic and, specifically, Seleucid countryside. In this dissertation, I draw on two landscape-based archaeological surveys conducted in Hatay Province of south-central Turkey, the Mopsos Survey and the Yumurtalık Survey, and focus on three contiguous and naturally bounded coastal plains (Rhosus, Alexandreia, and Issus). Additionally, I present a full analysis and chronological revision of ceramics stemming from these surveys. I bring these two primary classes of evidence together to explore settlement dynamics in the Hellenistic countryside across discrete chronological periods: Early Hellenistic (300–225 BCE); Middle Hellenistic (225–150 BCE); Late Hellenistic (150–25 BCE); Early Roman (25 BCE–40 CE); and Middle Roman 1 (40–130 CE). To assess ancient settlement dynamics — here defined as variations in the configuration of human occupation across a given space — I employ archaeological survey data capable of reflecting settlement size, location, distribution, and quantity as well as physical landscape considerations such as the availability of natural resources and proximity to overland and maritime trading routes. This dissertation demonstrates that it is possible to pursue topics of study within the Hellenistic era and outside the major urban spheres using survey data and a detailed reading of associated ceramics with updated typologies. The Hellenistic countryside of south-central Turkey had different demographic trajectories, which ultimately led to different configurations of settlement within the three plains studied. From a regional perspective, this work has explained and delineated a settlement change first identified by early-to-mid twentieth century travelers and archaeologists. It has also heeded the calls of recent scholars bemoaning the poor state of archaeological evidence reflecting the Seleucid countryside by devising methods that, for the first time, give the Seleucid realm a discrete periodization scheme for areas outside well-studied urban spheres, thereby fostering a new avenue of scholarly inquiry.2017-12-31T00:00:00

2.2. The Things We Can Do with Pictures: Image-Based Modeling and Archaeology

Since the wide-spread availability of cost efficient image-based modeling software emerged five years ago, the discipline of archaeology has seen a proliferation of all things digital. The implementation of 3D modeling specifically is well attested as evidenced initially by a wave of peer-reviewed studies testing the technology for archaeological purposes, which has then been followed by colloquia, conferences panels, workshops, and publications focusing on the technology’s analytical benefits. It remains evident that although digital archaeology is not a new development, it now has a heretofore unpresented degree of staying power. The intention here is to present a critical analysis of the technology by drawing on a set of field applications that highlight how this technology continues to transform the discipline through a diverse set of methodological and interpretive frameworks.https://dc.uwm.edu/arthist_mobilizingthepast/1010/thumbnail.jp

Visions of Substance: 3D Imaging in Mediterranean Archaeology

With the advent of low-cost and easy to use 3D imaging tools, the discipline of archaeology is on the cusp of a major change in how we document, study, and publish archaeological contexts. While there are a growing number of volumes dedicated to this subject, Visions of Substance: 3D Imaging in Mediterranean Archaeology represents an accessible and conversational introduction to the theory and practice of 3D imaging techniques in a Mediterranean and European context

Engine Oil Filter Test Stand

For the current test stand, the cleaning time is too long. There is no way to run different types of filters. These problems negates them from collecting more data to compare various filters in various sizes

Swagelok Adjustable Check Valve Setting Device

Check valves are used to control the amount of flow through a valve and only open when a certain pressure is reached. The path of the fluid is strictly in one direction, which allows the valve to prevent any back flow within a system. They are also one of few self-automated piping system components that do not require assistance to open or close. Some check valves use a combination spring-and-nut compression assembly to set an opening pressure. As the nut is used to set the spring compression, and by extension the opening pressure, problems tend to arise when adjusting the nut to the correct position for a corresponding pressure. The current testing methods take an extended period of time disproportional to the simplicity of the operation. The extensive process begins by hooking up hoses to check pressures and then detaching the same hoses to readjust. The cycle is repeated multiple times until the correct pressure has been confirmed three times. This can be very tedious work as some valves need to be set within a few pounds per square inch (PSI) leaving little room for error. Swagelok requested a new testing method be designed, whether it be a new process or fitting, to help reduce the testing time. This report contains the process the group underwent and the final design that was approved by Swagelok

The South Basilica at Arsinoe (Polis-tes-Chrysochou): Change and innovation in an Early Christian Basilica on Cyprus

La basilique Sud de Polis-tes-Chrysochou (ancienne Arsinoé), construite à la fin du vie siècle apr. J.-C., est une église chypriote typique de la fin de l’Antiquité. Nous discutons ici les modalités des transformations apportées à sa structure et la façon dont ses constructeurs ont résolu les problèmes que présentait ce site, en particulier en ce qui concernait l’eau et son drainage. Nous présentons ici pour la première fois la chronologie du bâtiment à partir des témoignages archéologiques en contexte et non d’une analyse stylistique de sa structure et de ses éléments décoratifs. Nous indiquons brièvement quelques relations possibles avec d’autres édifices de l’île et de la région

Pyla-Vigla: A Case Study Assessing the Imperial Strategies of the Hellenistic Diadochoi in Cyprus

The aim of the present study is to examine the mechanisms the Diadochoi implemented to gain and maintain control over Cyprus using Pyla-Vigla, a recently discovered fortified garrison, as a case study. Alexander the Great’s successors faced a seemingly insurmountable problem: How does one govern, control, and maintain the largest territorial empire the world had ever seen? Alexander’s imperial strategy was predicated upon maintaining native governing institutions of newly subjugated lands and appointing new leaders. This system could not work for the Diadochoi because without a clear path to succession, a twenty-nine-year period of incessant conflict ensued throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. The surviving successors adopted various strategies to exercise imperial authority over their rivals, which ultimately led to the creation of three ruling Hellenistic dynasties: Ptolemies, Seleucids, and Antigonids. Pyla-Vigla represents one of many such strategies

Agriculture Engine Oil Filter Test Stand

Our group worked on a project from Fleenor Manufacturing. This is a small company based out of Pella, Iowa owned by Jeff Fleenor. Jeff’s company focuses on creating solutions to unique problems across a wide spectrum of markets (Bruning et al., 2017; Yeggy et al., 2017). On this project, our client wanted to improve an existing test stand used for running oil filter tests, which can take up to four hours per test, and only test one filter size. We would like to minimize the time it takes to run a test while also enabling it to use different filters. Other companies are considering this technology because it can show them exactly how their products compare to others on the market. The completion of this project could help our client understand how OEM filters differ from aftermarket filters and how our client’s own design compares to all the other filters on the market

Revitalizing the Alleyways of Downtown Bellingham, Washington: Environmental Impact Assessment

The proposed project seeks to bring life and energy to underutilized sections of alleyways on either side of Cornwall Avenue in Bellingham\u27s central business district. A major component of the revitalization project is proposing infill development to increase potential retail space, provide housing opportunities and create a more attractive pedestrian corridor. Other elements include capital improvements such as pervious alleyway pavement, consolidating dumpsters, improving lighting, installing archways, bike racks and benches, as well as burying power lines. The project also proposes restricting vehicle access with removable bollards and keeping deliveries to off hours