No ethics settings for autonomous vehicles

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to improve road traffic safety and save human lives. It is also expected that some AVs will encounter so-called dilemmatic situations, like choosing between saving two passengers by sacrificing one pedestrian or choosing between saving three pedestrians by sacrificing one passenger. These expectations fuel the extensive debate over the ethics settings of AVs: the way AVs should be programmed to act in dilemmatic situations and who should decide about the nature of this programming in the first place. In the article, the ethics settings problem is analyzed as a trilemma between AVs with personal ethics setting (PES), AVs with mandatory ethics setting (MES) and AVs with no ethics settings (NES). It is argued that both PES and MES, by being programmed to choose one human life over the other, are bound to cause serious moral damage resulting from the violation of several principles central to deontology and utilitarianism. NES is defended as the only plausible solution to this trilemma, that is, as the solution that sufficiently minimizes the number of traffic fatalities without causing any comparable moral damage

Aplikacija neophodne traktorske elektroopreme sa ciljem izbora dobavljača

It was noticed that a certain number of suppliers of electronic equipment put on the market the goods of unknown origin in latest years. Therefore, tractor manufacturers before proceeding with installation of product they must carry out necessary tests in terms of quality checks to protect the validity of their products out to market. Basic remarks were that the suppliers of electrical equipment didn’t have complete technical documentation for product they offer, in order to fulfill quality of the tractor as whole product. Electrical equipment should have a satisfactory quality which is evidenced by the necessary technical documentation and the certification with the applicable standards for their purposes. When the tractor manufacturer seeks from the suppliers of electrical equipment for cooperation, it requires that with received sample and is all relevant technical documentation. As for the manufacturer it is necessary for the methodology and procedures are how to test the observed sample. This means that by determining the basic technical and functional characteristics, manufacturer has to define technical conditions and requirements for technical criteria by assessing required quality. Thus, the results are compared with the established technical requirements and the criteria in technical documentation are based on which appreciation is made and in the validity of the quality-of-technical system. Following these tests and comparative analysis of the manufacturer decides to have positive evaluated a sample of electronic equipment that can be mounted on the respective tractors. So far, the tractor manufacturer IMR performs testing of certain types for electronic equipment and tractor according to the prescribed procedures and methodology, and by that accordingly choose suppliers.Uočeno je da određeni broj dobavljača elektroopreme u zadnjim godinama plasira na tržište robu nepoznatog porekla. Proizvođači traktora pre ugradnje moraju da izvrše potrebna ispitivanja, u smislu provere kvaliteta, kako bi zaštitili valjanost svoga proizvoda. Osnovne primedbe su da snabdevači elektroopreme ne poseduju kompletnu tehničku dokumentaciju za proizvod koji nude, čime dovode u pitanje kvalitet traktora u celini. Elektrooprema treba da ima zadovoljavajući kvalitet, što se dokazuje potrebnom tehničkom dokumentacijom i sertifikacijom po važećim standardima za svoje namene. Kada proizvođač traktora potražuje elektroopremu od dobavljača, on zahteva da uz pristigle uzorke bude i relevantna tehnička dokumentacija. Kod proizvođača, metodologije i procedure podrazumevaju način ispitivanja posmatranog uzorka. Ispitivanja se odnose na određivanje osnovnih tehničko-funkcionalnih karakteristika, tehničke uslove i zahteve kao i tehničke kriterijume za ocenu potrebnog kvaliteta. Na taj način dobijeni rezultati upoređuju se sa postavljenim tehničkim zahtevima i kriterijumima u tehničkoj dokumentaciji, na osnovu čega se donosi oceana o valjanosti upotrebnog kvaliteta tehničkog sistema. Nakon obavljenih ispitivanja i uporednih analiza, proizvođač donosi odluku da se pozitivno ocenjeni uzorak elektroopreme može ugraditi na odnosne traktore. Dakle i proizvođač traktora IMR vrši ispitivanja određene vrste traktorske elektroopreme po propisanim procedurama i metodologiji i shodno tome vrši odabir dobavljača

Oscilatorne pojave kod poljoprivrednih traktora

When considering the basic aspect of ergonomic requests for the purpose of improving general comfort of tractor is very complex. Besides base ergonomic requests, (noise, mikroklimate, visibilty, air contamination to favour to handl and etc.), are qurentitatve oscilatory loads on tractor operator are very important. In IMR Institute comprehensive me asurements of acceleration of vertical vibrations on table tests add have been carred out on one type tractor, manufacturing IMR on diferent measure ments points and operating regimengine. In the contex, along with the given review of a part of obtained results, the analysis of vibratory acceleratiopns of tested seats of steeping wheel has been made from the aspect of meeting ISO standard criteria and out standard.Osnovni aspekt ergonomskih zahteva u cilju poboljšanja opšte komfornosti rukovaoca traktora je veoma kompleksan. Pored osnovnih ergonomskih zahteva (buka, mikroklima, vidljivost, pogodnost rukovanja komandama, aerozagađenje i dr.), veoma su značajna i kvantitativna oscilatorna opterećenja rukovaoca traktora. U Institutu IMR-a izvršena su opsežna merenja vertikalnih vibracija na dizel motoru na probnom stolu, i na jednom tipu traktora iz svog proizvodnog programa, na različitim mernim mestima i režimima rada motora. U tom kontekstu, dat je prikaz dela dobijenih rezultata i analiza vibratornih ubrzanja na mernim mestima kao i sedištu rukovaoca traktora sa aspekta zadovoljenja kriterijuma ISO standarda, kao i vanstandardnih ispitivanja

Ušteda energije kod poljoprivrednih traktora pri upotrebi raznih vrsta sijalica

Advanced technologies contributed to the modernization of the tractor, enable the tractor operator efficiency, comfort, safety at work and the movement of traffic. Halogen bulbs and LED modules, as components for updating lighting fixtures of tractors, give a greater amount of light without shadows and brightness. LED modules is characterized by low nominal power and heat broadcasting, due to its composition are non-toxic. Looking characteristics and purpose of standard bulbs, which are used in agricultural tractor unit of light, is given adequate substitute them with halogen lamps and LED modules. We analyzed the minimum and maximum energy consumption for six models of agricultural tractors production of IMR, when using different light bulbs. There are given some possible variations in the observed energy saving models of tractors, achieved by replacing standard light bulbs to light devices and dashboard of the tractor. According to the official data on the number of agricultural tractors related to the agricultural census, in Serbia there are around 410 894 double-axle tractors. If it is assumed that 60% of registered tractors production of IMR, I came across fact on possible energy savings for a designed period of time.Napredne tehnologije doprinele su modernizaciji traktora, omogućile rukovaocu traktora efikasnost, komfornost, sigurnost u radu i kretanje u saobraćaju. Halogene sijalice i LED moduli, kao sastavni delovi za inoviranje svetlosnih uređaja kod traktora, odaju veću količinu svetlosti bez senki i blještavosti. LED module karakteriše mala nominalna snaga i toplotno emitovanje, a zbog svog sastava nisu toksični. Posmatrajući karakteristike i namenu standardnih sijalica, koje se koriste kod svetlosnih uređaja poljoprivrednih traktora, data je odgovarajuća zamena istih sa halogenim sijalicama i LED modulima. Analizirana je minimalna i maksimalna potrošnja energije za šest modela poljoprivrednih traktora proizvođača IMR-a, pri upotrebi različitih sijalica. Date su neke moguće varijante uštede energije kod posmatranih modela traktora, ostvarene zamenom standardnih sijalica na svetlosnim uređajima i instrument tabli traktora. Prema zvaničnim podacima o broju poljoprivrednih traktora vezanih za popis poljoprivrede, u Srbiji ima oko 410.894 dvoosovinskih traktora. Ako se predpostavi, da je 60 % traktora od ukupno registrovanih traktora proizvodnja IMR-a, dolazimo do podatka o mogućoj uštedi energije za neki projektovani vremenski period

Identifikacija uglova zakretanja upravljačkih točkova kod poljoprivrednih traktora

This paper presents methodology applied for testing and calculation of steering wheels rotation angles in IMR tractors. Importance of this methodology is in defining minimal rotation angles of steering wheels under which agricultural tractor hold basic working functions when new assembly is mounted or, in our case, with installed new drive axle. By installing new drive axle on tractors R-76 DV and R-65 DV it has been noticed that tractor construction is slightly changed within assembly of newly developed chassis. From this reason certain test was needed to define relining procedures, due to introducing newly product in production process. This paper presents some results of the testing applied.Rad prezentuje metodologiju pomoću koje je izvršeno ispitivanje i proračunavanje uglova zakretanja upravljačkih točkova kod IMR–ovih traktora. Značaj ove metodologije je u definisanju minimalnih uglova zakretanja upravljačkih točkova pri kojima poljoprivredni traktor zadržava osnovne radne funkcije pri ugradnji novog sklopa u odnosnom slučaju novog pogonskog mosta. Ugradnjom novog pogonskog mosta na traktore R-76 DV i R-65 DV, delimično se izmenila konstrukcija traktora te je u sklopu tog novo definisanog konstruktivnog stanja, bilo potrebno obaviti određena ispitivanja definisana odgovarajućim procedurama koje se primenjuju pri uvođenju novog proizvoda u proizvodni proces. Ovaj rad upravo prezentuje neke rezultate ovakve vrste ispitivanja

Kritički osvrt na domaće poljoprivredne traktore ИМР sa aspekta primene elektroopreme

Tractor represents is the important machine in agriculture, designed to pull and drive in various connecting machines and also dedicated to additional devices used in complex technological operations of agricultural production. Also, the participation of agricultural tractors in traffic and road safety is of immense importance. Modern agricultural tractors IMR are equipped with a large number of electronic components to control and manage of various tractor assemblies. In this manner, it facilitates the work of the driver, ensures the safety in the working properties of the tractor, achieves a better effect and allows for a longer working cycle of the agricultural machinery i.e.tractor, thus by reducing the occurrence of defects. Farming tractors manufacturers in Serbia have modernized their product range with their own research and development. Using advanced technology for electrical equipment, they developed and constructed agricultural tractors whose functioning contributes to the safe operation of the tractor operator. All this was aimed at contributing to the overall quality of the tractor. At the same time, the operator of the tractor enabled efficiency, comfort, safety in operation and safe traffic in traffic. Starting from these facts, today's needs of the users of agricultural machinery as well as requirements from the aspect of protection and preservation of the environment are examined. This paperwork’s considered huge insight into the research and development (followed in lab and field exploitation tests) of certain electrical equipment that are of great importance for the modernization of agricultural tractors with domestic manufacturers.Traktor reprezentuje najvažniju mašinu u polјoprivredi, konstruisanu da vuče i pokreće razne priklјučne mašine ili namenski dodatne uređaje primenjene u kompleksnim tehnološkim operacijama polјoprivredne proizvodnje. Takođe, učešće polјoprivrednih traktora u saobraćaju i bezbednost na putevima je od velikog značaja. Savremeni polјoprivredni traktori IMR opremljeni su sa velikim brojem elektronskih komponenti koje kontrolišu i upravlјaju sklopovima traktora. Na taj način olakšava se rad vozača, obezbeđuje sigurnost u radu traktora, postiže bolјi efekat i omogućava duži vek traktora odnosno smanjuje pojava kvarova. Proizvođači poljoprivrednih traktora u Srbiji modernizovali su svoj proizvodni asortiman sopstvenim istraživanjem i razvojem. Upotrebom napredne tehnologije kod elektroopreme razvili su i konstruisali poljoprivredne traktore čije funkcionisanje doprinosi sigurnom radu rukovaoca traktora. Sve to je imalo za cilj doprinos ukupnom kvalitetu traktora. Istovremeno rukovaocu traktora omogućilo je efikasnost, komfornost, sigurnost u radu i bezbedno kretanje u saobraćaju. Polazeći od ovih činjenica, sagledane su današnje potrebe korisnika polјoprivredne mehanizacije kao i zahtevi sa aspekta zaštite i očuvanja životne sredine. Ovaj rad omogućava uvid istraživanja i razvoj određene elektroopreme potrebne za modernizaciju polјoprivrednih traktora kod domaćih proizvođača

Značaj efikasnog rad zagrejača na dizel motorima

Heater diesel engines, with the flame heating, a system that facilitates starting the diesel internal combustion engines, especially in cold weather. In order to find opportunities to increase the temperature of the intake air of diesel engines, was followed by a study of the new construction of the burner heater using a specified algorithm. Intake manifold of diesel engine wes adapted to watch the propagation of flame heater and assessment the quality.This experiment was conducted using the methodology already developed for laboratory testing of the technical and functional characteristics of the heater using modern systems for measurement, data acquisition and process monitoring tests.Studies have shown that shorter start the diesel engine when using the heater with the burner of the sixteen orifices.This indicates that these heaters with a different frame of commercial burner, enabling more efficient heating of the intake air.The number of orifices in the burner of the heater has a direct impact on the flame or to reliably start diesel engines.Zagrejač dizel motora, sa plamenim grejanjem, predstavlja sistem koji pospešuje startovanje dizel motora sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem, posebno u hladnim vremenskim uslovima. U cilju iznalaženja mogućnosti za povećanje temperature usisnog vazduha dizel motora, usledilo je istraživanje nove konstrukcije gorionika zagrejača pomoću zadatog algoritma. Izvršena je adaptacija usisne grane dizel motora da bi se posmatralo prostiranje plamena zagrejača i oceno kvalitet. Ova istraživanja su sprovedena pomoću već razvijene metodologija za laboratorijsko ispitivanje tehničko-funkcionalnih karakteristika zagrejača uz upotrebu savremenog sistema za merenje, akviziciju i monitoring procesa ispitivanja. Istraživanja su pokazala da je kraće vreme startovanja dizel motora pri upotrebi zagrejača sa gorionikom od šesnaest otvora. To ukazuje da ovi zagrejači sa drugačijom konstrukcijom gorionika od komercijalnih, omogućavaju efikasnije zagrevanje usisnog vazduha. Broj otvora na gorioniku zagrejača ima direktan uticaj na plamen odnosno na pouzdano startovanja dizel motora

Mating Intelligence, Moral Virtues, and Methodological Vices

According to the ‘mating intelligence’ theory by evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller, human morality is a system of sexually selected traits which serve as costly signals to the other sex about one’s fitness and readiness to take care for possible offspring. Starting from the standard prediction of evolutionary psychology that sexual selection produces psychological sex differences in human mating strategies, ‘mating intelligence’ theory is analyzed for its compatibility with several psychological theories about sex differences in moral traits like moral reasoning, judgment and orientation. It is argued that the ‘mating intelligence’ theory, as a theory about the the evolution of morality, comes too dangerously close to being unfalsifiable because it embodies some auxiliary hypotheses and vague definitions which make it practically immune to every possible empirical finding concerning sex differences in human moral traits