Characterisation of cell walls at the feeding site of Meloidogyne incognita

Meloidogyne incognita induces a unique feeding structure, termed giant cells, by reprogramming plant cells in the feeding site within host plant roots. The nematode modifies the function of cells including giant cell wall composition. Characterisation of pectin, hemicellulose and glycoproteins of giant cell walls formed in different hosts was analysed. In addition the role of cell-wall genes in nematode feeding site development was also analysed. In situ analysis was performed to determine the presence and distribution of giant cell wall components; cell wall elements were quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in nematode feeding sites on different host plants Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae), Vigna angularis (Fabaceae) and Zea mays (Poaceae). The cell wall compositions in the M. incognita feeding site were observed by comparison with uninfected root tissues. There were distinct responses in terms of detection of cell wall polysaccharides in the nematode feeding site of the different hosts. Modifications of cell wall polysaccharides in giant cells formed in Arabidopsis were minor compared to uninfected sections. By contrast, analysis of the giant cell wall formed in Vigna angularis revealed decreased amounts of mannan, xylan, galactan, processed arabinan, arabinogalactan protein and extensin. In Zea mays, xyloglucan, methyl esterified pectic homogalacturonan, galactan, arabinogalactan proteins increased in abundance in giant cell walls. Arabidopsis plants that carried mutations in cell-wall related genes were analysed. Mutants for genes important in the formation of hemicellulose (GLZ1, MSR1 and MUR3) together with those of the pectin related genes BGAL5 and RGXT1 all resulted in smaller gall development together with a concomitant reduction in nematode size in addition to a reduction in the number of nematodes recovered. Converselymutation of the pectin-related genes ARAD1 and ARAD2 or the glycoprotein-related genes led to increased susceptibility to the nematodes

Molecular Host-Nematode Interactions and Tuber Development

Potato, Solanum tuberosum, the most important non-grain food crop and essential crop globally, has been widely cultivated around the world for centuries. The significance of this plant is increasing due to high nutritional value of the tubers combined with the simplicity of its propagation. As a plant organ, tuber of potato, is mainly edible part of it and popular as nutrient for almost all nations. Tuberization in potato is a very complex biological occurrence affected by numerous ecological signals, genetics, plant nutrition and several different hormones. Many pests including nematodes limit potato tuber development that plant hormones play roles in nematode feeding cell formation. Parasitic nematodes, important pests which cause damage to plants, tubers, suck up nutrients from plants and weaken plant development and yield losses. Many genes involve in tuber development and plant response nematodes. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the new advances in the field of molecular host-nematode interactions and tuber development

Genetic Modification of Plant Hormones Induced by Parasitic Nematodes, Virus, Viroid, Bacteria, and Phytoplasma in Plant Growing

Plant hormones, such as auxin, play crucial roles in many plant developmental processes, which is crosstalk with gibberellin and strigolactone. The roles of hormones may vary in the biosynthesis of metabolisms. During the pathogen attack, including plant-parasitic nematodes, viroid, phytoplasma, virus, and bacteria, plant hormones are involved in several plant processes. Ethylene (ET), salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA) primarily regulate synergistically or antagonistically against pathogens. Those pathogens—nematodes, bacteria, viroid, phytoplasma, and viruses regulate several plant hormones for successful parasitism, influencing the phytohormone structure and modifying plant development. Several genes are related to plant hormones that are involved in pathogens parasitism. In this chapter, how pathogens affect plant hormones in plants growing are discussed

Host-Pathogen and Pest Interactions: Virus, Nematode, Viroid, Bacteria, and Pests in Tomato Cultivation

Several pathogens and pests damage tomato plants, and only one and/or more pathogens and pests can coexist in the same plant at the same time. As several numerous pathogens are found in the same plant, the damage to the tomato plants is higher. Pathogens such as nematodes, viruses, viroids, bacteria, and insects adversely affect the growth and development of tomato plants. They may infect roots or upper part of the plant and can cause not only slow down the growth of plants, but also crop losses and their death. Damaging of plant caused by pathogens and pests reduces the market value of plant products. Those pathogens and pests are also called biotic stress agents. The damage, mode of infection, and the mechanism of infection in each tomato plant and pathogens might be different. This situation is crucially important to understand plant pathogen relationship in detail in terms of controlling pests and pathogen. The effect of each pest/pathogen on tomato plants during the cultivation, the type of damage, and new developments and perspectives on morphological and molecular aspects in tomato-pathogen interactions will be discussed in this chapter

Pests, Diseases, Nematodes, and Weeds Management on Strawberries

Strawberry is an important crop for many features, including being rich in vitamins and minerals. In addition to fresh consumption, it has been appealing to a wide range of consumers in recent years. Its cultivation is in flat areas, slopes, and areas where other crops are limited. Many pests and diseases that are the main biotic stress factors cause significant crop losses in strawberry cultivation. The aim of this chapter is to reveal biotic stress factors and their management. Several plant-parasitic nematodes, fungal diseases, weeds, pests, virus diseases, and bacterial diseases are the main biotic stress factors in plant growing and fruit ripening. The preparation of this book chapter is based on previously published sources and researches and manuscripts. In this section, it is aimed to provide readers with new perspectives in terms of collecting data on nematodes, diseases, pests, weeds, and fruit ripening of strawberry plants. The effect and mechanism of those biotic stress factors on strawberry growing are discussed and revealed in this chapter

Biber seralarında kök-ur nematodlarına karşı farklı sulama sistemleri ile alternatif mücadele yöntemlerinin belirlenmesi

Kök-ur nematodları geniş bir konukçu dizisine sahip olup önemli kültür bitkilerinde ağır verim kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Türkiye’de nematodlar ile mücadelede nematisit kullanımına önemli kısıtlamalar getirilmekte bunun yanında mücadelede yeni metotlar ortaya konması gerekmektedir. Bu yüzden biber seralarında Kök-ur nematodları ile mücadelede alternatif mücadele programlarının geliştirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada toprak solarizasyonu ile birlikte iki farklı kimyasal ve toprak fumigantının iki ve dört hat şeklinde damla sulama sistemi ile kombine edilerek nematodlarla ile mücadele programlarında kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada solarizasyon + metam sodyum + iprodione uygulaması, dört lateral hatlı damla sulama sisteminde verime ve nematodun kökteki urlanması üzerine etkili bulunmuştur. Bitki boyu ve nematodun üreme gücüne solarizasyon + iprodione uygulamasının dört lateral hatlı damla sulama sisteminde en yüksek etkiye sahip olduğu saptanmıştır.Root-knot nematodes possess a wide group of hosts and cause significant yield losses in many economically important plant species. Restrictions on the use of nematicides in Turkey have increased; hence it is needed to discover new control methods for managing Root-knot nematodes. Therefore, establishing alternative control programme to comba

Pathotype determination of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber, 1924) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Turkey

WOS: 000323016600002Karlik (Adana-Saricam), Imece (Hatay-Kirikhan) and Besaslan (Hatay-Reyhanli) populations were used to determine the pathotype of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The pathotypes of H. avenae were investigated by using "The International Test Assortment of Cereal Cultivars". The test was conducted on twelve barley, six oat, six wheat and four control lines (milan, serf, silverstar and croc). Test materials were grouped by three the nematode populations' virulence on resistance (Rha"E", Rha1, Rha2, Rha3, Cre1) and nonresistance genes, varieties and lines. According to results, Rha1 and Rha3 genes gave a resistance response but Rha2 and Cre1 did not. As a result, all populations demonstrated similar reactions and the three nematode populations were consistent with reactions for the Ha21 pathotype of the Ha1 group. This result is the first report on determination of the H. avenae pathotype in Turkey

Determination of resistance against to Cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber, 1924) in some wheat germplasm

WOS: 000323090100009The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae is one of the most important pests of wheat in many countries in the world with different climatic types. Heterodera. avenae is commonly distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey and all populations investigated belong to the Hal group, Ha21 pathotype. This study was aimed to found resistance sources from the national wheat varieties, wheat wild genotypes and international wheat genotypes against H. avenae Karlik Adana population (Ha21 pathotype). Results showed that four national wheat varieties, seventeen wheat wild genotypes and twenty three international wheat genotypes were found to be moderately resistant against to Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey H. avenae population. Among these genotypes, the national bread wheat variety, Adana 99 (PFAU/SERI82//BOG"S"), some wild genotypes and international genotypes can be used in national wheat breeding programmes. However, Crel was not showed completely resistant against H. avenae. Additionally resistance sources in of Turkish national wheat and wild genotypes needs to be determined

Identification of genetic resistance to cereal cyst nematodes; Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber, 1924), Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter and Heterodera latipons (Franklin, 1969) in some international bread wheat germplasms

WOS: 000327676500002The cereal cyst nematodes, Heterodera avenae group, are known as parasites of cereals worldwide. In Turkey, the cereal cyst nematodes, Heterodera filipjevi, H. avenae and H. latipons, are the three known species infested wheat fields and cause high yield losses. The using of resistance varieties is one of the most effective methods for controlling cereal cyst nematodes. Recently, resistance genes (Cre genes) which are obtained from wild wheat genotypes have been transferred into bread wheat varieties to control the cereal cyst nematodes species. In this study, the efficiency of some sources of resistance (CreR, Cre1, Cre2, Cre3, Cre7 and Cre8) in wheat against some Turkish H. avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons populations was investigated in-vitro conditions. According to results, the effect of resistance genes showed variation depending on different Cereal cyst nematode populations; H.avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons. Although Cre1 gene was only found as completely resistant to all (three) nematode species, Cre3 and Cre7 were found resistant to H. avenae and H. latipons. Cre R was also determined as resistant to H. filipjevi and H. latipons populations but Cre8 was only found resistant against to H. filipjevi population. No resistance was found in Cre 2 gene against to all nematode populations. Additionally, 2 resistance gene-free variety and lines were found resistant to H. avenae; 3 wheat lines to H. filipjevi and 11 wheat genotypes were found moderately resistant to H. latipons

Pathotype characterization of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter in Turkey

WOS: 000323090100007Turkey is ranked among top ten wheat producing countries in the world. Cereal cyst nematodes are considered one of the most damaging plant parasitic nematodes on wheat worldwide. Up to date, the most effective method of controlling this group of nematodes is the use of crop rotation and resistant varieties. The successful development of disease-resistant plants is contingent on knowledge of the pathotypes of the causal agent. In this study, three populations of Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter were collected from different locations (Afsin, Elbistan and Yozgat) in Turkey in order to identify their pathotype using "The International Test Assortment of Cereal Cultivars". The results showed that two populations gave a similar reaction to the resistant and susceptible varieties. These populations were determined as Ha 33 pathotype which is a new report for Turkey