The modern 19th century farm : today’s needs combined with the charm of the 19th century

Den moderna 1800-talsgården handlar om en lantgård belägen i Ormanäs, norr om Västra Ringsjön mitt i Skåne. Familjen som bor här vill få en tydlig 1800-talsprägel på sin gård samtidigt som de har behov av att skapa en struktur på utemiljön som fungerar med deras moderna livsstil. På gården finns även en byggfirma som tar stora delar av marken i anspråk. Dessa delar behöver tonas ned och de privata delarna behöver förstärkas. Familjen har önskemål om en relativt låg skötselnivå samtidigt som de gärna spenderar mycket tid i trädgården när de har möjlighet. De betonar vikten av att bevara utsikten över sjön, möjlighet att slå sig ner i olika delar av trädgården och utrymme för att odla ätbara växter. Frågeställningen i det här arbetet fokuserar dels på hur trädgården kan ha sett ut för runt 150 år sedan och vilka tidstypiska drag den kan ha haft. Vidare fokuserar arbetet på hur man kan man formge en trädgård som har tydliga influenser från 1800-talets andra hälft samtidigt som den är funktionell och passar in i 2000-talets livsstil. Fördjupande litteraturstudier med fokus på 1800-talets andra hälft har gett den teoretiska grunden i detta arbete. De har visat att skiftesreformen och hushållningssällskapens kunskapsspridning är två parametrar som har haft stor betydelse för trädgårdarnas utformning. Även de två inflytelserika personligheterna Charles Emil Löfvenskiöld och Daniel Müller har satt en tydlig prägel på landsbygdens trädgårdar. Trädgårdarnas struktur kunde vara symmetrisk och trädgårdarna var ofta inramade av läplanteringar, stengärdsgårdar eller klippta häckar. Trädgårdarna var ofta naturlika med böljande gångar och inhemskt växtmaterial även om det var under 1800-talets andra hälft som många exotiska växtsorter gjorde intåg i de svenska trädgårdarna som en följd av bland annat förbättrade kommunikationer. Vanliga element i trädgårdarna var vårdträd, bersåer, kaffegrottor, trädgårdskonst och köksodlingar. För att leta ledtrådar till hur just den aktuella gården och dess trädgård kan ha sett ut har platsen inventerats med fokus på växlighet, position, byggnader, hårda material, linjer och former. Även studier av historiskt kartmaterial och fotografier har utförts. En gårdsmålning från 1918 har haft stor betydelse i det här arbetet. I denna kan man tydligt se hur gården och dess trädgård avbildades för 100 år sedan. Tidstypiska 1800- talselement så som vårdträd, läplanteringar, gångar, fruktträd, köksodling, berså, klippta gräsmattor och planteringar har identifierats. Detta har resulterat i en beskrivande plan över trädgården. I gestaltningsförslaget har gården delats upp i fyra olika delar med olika funktioner. Dessa delar är entrén, gårdsplanen, den bakre trädgården och arboretet. Entréns viktigaste funktion är att lyfta fram gårdens privata infart och tona ner byggfirmans prägel på gården. Inne på gårdsplanen finns prydnadsplanteringar och plats för umgänge. Den bakre trädgården är den grönaste delen av gården, med sina odlingsytor, sin fruktträdäng och sina prydnadsplanteringar. Arboretet har kompletteras med ett antal inhemska och exotiska träd. Som sista bilaga i det här arbetet finns det kompletta gestaltningsförslag, så som det kommer att redovisas för gårdens ägare.The modern 19th century garden is about a farm located in Ormanäs, north of Västra Ringsjön in the middle of Skåne. The family living at the farm would love to have a garden with a lot of character of the 1900th century which also work with their modern lifestyle. On the property there is also a construction company claiming a lot of space. These areas need to be partly hidden and the private parts need to be reinforced. The family spend a lot of time in the garden and they emphasize the importance of retaining the view of the lake, several sitting areas and space for cultivating edible plants. The questions discussed in this thesis partly focus on the design of the garden 150 years ago and the characteristic design elements of that time. Furthermore, the thesis is focused on how to design a garden with clear influences from the second half of the 19th century while being functional and fitting into the 21st century lifestyle. Literature studies focusing on the second half of the 19th century have given the theoretical foundation of this thesis. One of the conclusions is that the shift reform and the knowledge sharing of the agricultural societies are two parameters of great impact of the garden design. Another conclusion is that the two influential personalities Charles Emil Löfvenskiöld and Daniel Müller have put a clear mark on the countryside gardens. The structure of the gardens could be symmetrical and the gardens were often framed by wind breaking trees, stone walls or hedges. The gardens had often a natural style with gravel paths and domestic plant material, although during the second half of the 19th century many exotic plant varieties made entry into the Swedish gardens as a result of, among other things, improved communications. Common elements in the gardens were nursery trees, framing hedges, garden art and kitchen gardens. In order to find clues about the historical garden and its design the site has been invented with focus on plants, position, buildings, hard materials, lines and shapes. Historical maps and photographs have been studied. A farm painting from 1918 has been of great importance in this work. It shows clearly the garden 100 years ago. Typical elements such as nursery trees, hedges, path ways, fruit trees, kitchen gardens, lawns and borders have been identified. This investigation resulted in a plan of the garden. In the design proposal the garden has been divided into four different sections with different functionality. These are the entrance, the courtyard, the rear garden and the arboretum. The main function of the entrance is to reinforce the private part and to tone down the areas used by the company. In the courtyard there are borders and areas for social activities. The rear garden is the greenest part with a kitchen garden, a meadow with fruit trees and borders with ornamental plants. The arboretum has been supplemented with a number of native and exotic trees. Attached to this thesis is the complete design proposal as delivered to the garden owner

Structural Injustice, Shared Obligations, and Global Civil Society

It is frequently argued that to address structural injustice, individuals should participate in collective actions organized by civil society organizations (CSOs), but the role and the normative status of CSOs are rarely discussed. In this paper, we argue that CSOs semi-perfect our shared obligation to address structural injustice by defining shared goals as well as taking actions to further them. This assigns a special moral status to CSOs, which in turn gives rise to our duty to support them. Thus, we do not have full discretion when deciding whether to join collective actions or not. Under certain conditions, we can even be forced by others to do our share

Influence of selected organisational factors on innovation

It is almost impossible to imagine a company that does not innovate in today's market. Some companies say they compete on quality and not innovation, but they also innovate, especially in the form of process innovation aiming at enhancing quality. The aim of this paper is to present how the key set of selected organisational factors, company’s organisation, strategy, and processes, learning and links, influences innovation. In this respect, the key set of organisational factors has been measured on Croatian companies. In field research we used a questionnaire developed by Tidd et al. (2005) which was further developed to include measurable parts of innovation. The questionnaire is validated by factor analysis, but the influence of latent variables on innovation outcome, such as the number of innovations, revenues from innovation and length of time for new product launch, was researched by structural equation modelling. The research results showed that the set of strategy and learning factors has a significant influence on the number of innovations in companies (radical or modified). At first glance it might seem as though big companies have more resources and are thus in a privileged position to innovate, but researches show that the companies that are able to mobilise their employees, their knowledge and expertise in delivering new products or services, obtain better innovation results. The research results clearly indicate the relationship between company’s higher innovativeness and higher innovation results.peer-reviewe

In Vivo Administration of Replication-Deficient Mutant HSV-1 Targets Professional APCs and Induces Efficient CD4+ T Helper Responses

Both neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells are necessary to control a viral infection. However, vigorous T helper responses are essential for their elicitation and maintenance. These findings have critical implications in the design of vaccination strategies aimed at triggering and sustaining antigen specific CD4+ in addition to CD8+ effector immune responses. Here we show that a recombinant replication-deficient HSV-1 vector encoding the HIV-1 matrix protein p17 (T0-p17) is capable to infect professional APCs in vitro and in vivo without interfering with the endogenous MHC class II processing of the transgene encoded antigen. Moreover, we show that injection of T0-p17 in the mouse dermis generates a strong p17specific CD4+ T helper response preceding both cytotoxic and humoral responses. Importantly, T0-p17 infected peritoneal macrophages were capable to trigger a longlasting expansion of p17-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro. Because of their capability to infect professional APCs without interfering with their biological functions, replication-deficient HSV vectors are appealing candidates for the development of vaccines able to trigger strong T helper responses. from 2005 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology Baltimore, USA, 29 August – 2 September 200

Reparación de la hernia diafragmática experimental con un flap del músculo latissimus dorsi

Authors inform the results and conclusions of the experimental repair of lateral hernias with a muscular flap obtained from latissimus dorsi muscle in 15 dogs, males and females sexually mature. A 3x5 cm diaphragmatic defect was made after a thoracotomy in the 11º intercostal space and repaired with a muscle flap from latissimus dorsi muscle. After 60 days all animals were killed to observe macro and microscopic characteristics. In 95% of the cases the defects were repaired. In 11 canines adherences between lungs and the flap were seen. Fibrovascular tissue proliferation was observed histologically. We conclude that muscles flaps from Latissimus dorsi can be used to repair lateral defectsSe informan los resultados y conclusiones obtenidas del empleo de un flap del músculo latissimus dorsi en la reparación de defectos experimentales del aspecto lateral del diafragma. Se utilizaron 15 perros mestizos, machos y hembras sexualmente maduros y conformación longilínea. Al total de animales se les practicó un defecto diafragmático en uno de los aspectos laterales del diafragma para ser reparado por un flap del latissimus dorsi. A los 60 días post-operatorio se observaron las características macros y microscópicas de las reparaciones. En el 95% de los casos los defectos curaron, en 11 perros se observó adherencia entre el pulmón y el defecto reparado y ocasionalmente al hígado. Microscópicamente se constató que la reparación se efectuó mediante la proliferación de tejido fibrovascular. El diseño del flap seleccionado no interfirió con el aporte sanguíneo facultando la cicatrización y reparación del defecto. Los resultados nos permiten concluir que los flaps de este músculo son factibles de ser utilizados para repara defectos diafragmáticos laterale

Reparación de defectos segmentales óseos con vidrio bioactivo y una membrana no absorbible

The authors inform the repair of segmental bone defects of critical size with the use of a combination of bioactive glass and a non-absorbable membrane of expanded politetrafluoroethilen (ePTF). Twenty four New Zealand rabbits - sexually mature males and females - were used. They were kept in individual cages with controlled temperature and fed ad libitum with a commercial formula. A critical segmental defect in the diaphysis of the radius was created in each rabbit. The defect was filled with bioactive glass granules with a particle size of 300 to 600 um . The extremes of the radius and the granules of bioactive glass were wrapped up with a ePTF membrane. Immediately after the surgical procedure, and every 30 days during a period of 150 days, X-ray controls of the operated limbs were carried out. The rabbits recovered total bearing between 48 - 72 hs. after the operation. After 150 days of treatment, the defects were repaired in all the rabbits. The control X-rays taken after the operation showed that the partic1es of glass occupied the defect had a thin granular shape. Thirty days later, the granules were not differentiated and made up a uniform and radio-dense mass that became more radio-dense in the following radiographic controls. After 150 days the x-ray images showed that the defects were fully repaired. At that moment, the animals were killed to make a macro- and microscopic analysis of the newly-formed bone. The sagittal cuts of the histological tissue that inc1uded the ends of the radius and the newly-formed bone showed that the segmental bone was constituted by numerous trabeculas that contained bone marrow and isolated presence of glass granules. The ePTF membrane protected the bioactive glass granules mixed with the blood clot coming from the cut bone tips. The ionic exchanges between the ions of Ca and P of the glass granules and the same ions of the tissue were evident 30 days after the operation when they fused. Since then, the processes of osteoconduction and osteoinduction started. The scarce presence of granules contained in the newly-formed bone suggest that the granules were absorbed. The bone regeneration was possible due to the protective action of the blood clot of the ePTF membrane and to the osteoinductive action of the bioactive glass granules that unfettered the mechanism of proliferation of the mesenchymal cells and their differentiation into osteoblasts and marrow tissue. The combination ofboth bio-materials fosters the induction ofbone tissue in long bonesSe informa la reparación de defectos segmentales óseos de tamaño crítico mediante la combinación de vidrio bioactivo y una membrana no absorbible de politetrafluoroetileno expandido (PTFe). Se emplearon 24 conejos neocelandeses machos y hembras sexualmente maduros a los que se les creó un defecto segmental crítico en las diáfisis de los radios. El defecto se rellenó con partículas de vidrio bioactivo. Los cabos del radio y los gránulos se envolvieron con una membrana de PTFe. Inmediatamente de finalizadas las intervenciones, cada 30 días y durante 150 días se efectuaron controles radiológicos de los miembros intervenidos. Transcurridos los 150 días de tratamiento en la totalidad de los ensayos se observó que los defectos se hallaban reparados. Las radiografias de control tomadas luego de finalizadas las operaciones mostraban a las partículas de vidrio ocupando el defecto a modo de un fino granulado; a los 30 días los gránulos no se distinguían entre sí y conformaban una masa uniforme y radiodensa que con el transcurso de los controles adquirió mayor radiodensidad; a los 150 días la imagen era la reparación de los defectos. A los 150 días los animales fueron sacrificados para efectuar análisis macro y microscópico del hueso neoformado. Los estudios histológicos efectuados en cortes sagitales que incluyeron los extremos del radio y el hueso neoformado que el hueso regenerado estaba constituido por numerosas trabéculas que contenían médula roja y presencia aislada de gránulos de vidrio. La membrana de PTFe protegió los gránulos de vidrio bioactivo mezclado con el coágulo de sangre proveniente de los cabos óseos seccionados. Las reacciones químicas de los gránulos con los líquidos tisulares se pusieron en evidencia a los 30 días cuando éstos se fusionaron, momento a partir del cual comenzó los procesos de osteoconducción y osteoinducción. Los mecanismos de proliferación y diferenciación mesenquimática que promueven y desencadenan la combinación del PTFe y los gránulos de vidrio bioactivo permitieron la reparación del defecto con la generación de hueso nuevo conteniendo médula roja. La combinación de los biomateriales promueven la inducción de tejido óseo en huesos largo

Determining exogenous glucose oxidation during moderate exercise

The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity of a glucose drink oxidized during cycle ergometer exercise at 60% VO₂max for 75 minutes. A second purpose was to determine if the glucose drink improved sprint time to exhaustion at 90% VO₂max after 75 minutes of exercise. Six trained male cyclists (VO₂max > 60 ml•kg⁻¹•min•¹) exercised on three occasions during which they ingested either water ad lib (W), ¹³C-cornsyrup (100 g, 2.02 M) + water ad lib (CS), or NaH¹²CO₃/NaH¹³CO₃ mixture (5 mg•kg⁻¹, 1% ¹³C-enriched) + water ad lib (B). Treatments B and CS were ingested after 5 minutes of cycling at 60% VO₂max. During exercise, there was no difference between treatments in plasma lactate response, changes in plasma volume, sprint time to exhaustion, or in respiratory exchange ratio (RER), VO₂, or VCO₂. RER showed a significant decline (p< .01) from 5 minutes (1.00±0.05, X±SD) to 75 minutes (0.96±0.05), and VO₂ showed a significant positive shift (p< .01) from 3.15(±0.29) to 3.52(±0.45) l•min⁻¹. A transient rise in plasma glucose was observed with CS. Changes from rest in ¹³C/¹²C ratio (∂13C) showed a significant increase (p< .01) following CS. Peak glucose oxidation rate was 7.26 g•15 min⁻¹ which occurred after 75 minutes. Total dose of exogenous ¹³C-glucose recovered as ¹³CO₂ (above baseline) was 22%. These observations suggest that (1) during moderate exercise of 75 minutes duration, oxidation of exogenous glucose occurs within 15 minutes but contributes marginally to total carbohydrate utilization as RER continued to fall with or without CS, and (2) sprint time to exhaustion after 75 minutes of cycling is not improved with glucose ingestion.Education, Faculty ofCurriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department ofGraduat

Structural injustice, shared obligations, and global civil society

Institutions, Decisions and Collective Behaviou

ARE INNOVATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS ENOUGH FOR FOSTERING INNOVATION?

The purpose of this article is to define which organizational practices have significant impact on returns from new products or which foster or at least influence positively innovation. Survey responders were divided to see whether they innovated or not by the survey questions which explicitly asked them if they have introduced new products in the last two years. With Chi Square test, we identified the difference in usage of certain organizational practices. After that, two multi-regression models showed the impact on launching a new product and their impact on generated returns from new products.There is a significant statistical difference in usage of these four practices between innovators and non-innovators: temporary cross-functional project teams, quality circle, ISO 9000, financial participation by employees. Regression analyses showed that for new product launch, quality circles and ISO900 have a positive impact. Since not all new product launches do not become successes when regressed to returns on new products, team performance incentives and knowledge-based systems have a significant positive impact. To our knowledge and through our literature research, we did not find works that explored the impacts of innovative organizational concepts on the final result — innovation. Most studies focused only on some organizational innovations and their impact on innovation. Here we present an overall overview of innovative organizational practices, why they are mostly used and identified those which mostly influence innovation.organizational practices, new products, returns from new product