Vers un droit européen de la consommation : unifié, harmonisé, codifié ou fragmenté ?

Les résultats atteints par l’intégration européenne dans le domaine de la politique de protection du consommateur sont considérables et concernent des aspects de plus en plus nombreux du droit privé des États membres de l’Union européenne. Une évaluation globalement positive de l’acquis communautaire dans ce domaine est faite au vu du degré élevé de protection dont bénéficie le consommateur sur le marché intérieur de la Communauté européenne. Ce succès est dû notamment aux conditions dans lesquelles s’est déroulé jusqu’à ce jour le processus communautaire d’intégration juridique dans le domaine de la protection du consommateur. Quatre caractéristiques principales sont ainsi mises en évidence, définies et illustrées : les caractères réflexif, minimal, évolutif et fragmenté du mode de rapprochement des droits en cours. Ces caractères contribuent à un processus d’intégration du droit qui concilie les impératifs liés à la réalisation d’un marché économique intérieur avec le souci tout aussi légitime de promouvoir les intérêts des consommateurs sur le marché élargi.Results obtained by European integration in the field of consumer protection policy have been considerable and they address an increasing number of issues in the private law of Member states within the European Union. An overall positive evaluation of the community experience in this area is conducted in view of the high level of protection afforded to consumers on the domestic market within the European Community This success is notably due to the conditions under which the community process of legal integration in the field of consumer protection has occurred. Four main characteristics, which are found in the way these law systems are coming together, are highlighted, defined and illustrated, namely their reflexive, minimal, evolutionary and fragmented aspects. These characteristics are contributing to the process of systemic legal integration that reconciles the imperatives linked to the materialization of an internal economic market, while promoting the equally justifiable interests of consumers in this enlarged market

Le droit communautaire de la consommation : acquis et perspectives au regard de l'Europe de 1993

Au départ d'une analyse du rôle et de la situation du consommateur sur le marché, l'auteur expose les raisons fondamentales d'une politique de protection des consommateurs en général et les considérations qui justifient la définition d'une politique de protection des consommateurs au sein de la Communauté économique européenne en particulier. Les obstacles à l'élaboration et à la mise en oeuvre d'une telle politique sont décrits et les appréhensions liées à la priorité donnée à l'achèvement du marché intérieur européen au 31 décembre 1992 sont mises en évidence. Constatant les lacunes du travail accompli à ce jour à l'initiative des autorités européennes dans le domaine de la protection du consommateur, l'auteur suggère quelques pistes de réflexion et de réforme qui lui paraissent être les conditions selon lesquelles l'intégration économique européenne devrait s'avérer favorable aux consommateurs européens et être, dès lors, bien accueillie par eux.Starting from an analysis of the role and situation of the consumer in the marketplace, the author lays down the basic reasons for consumer protection policy in general and the considerations justifying the defining of consumer protection policy in the European Economic Community in particular. Obstacles to the development and implementation of such a policy are described and the fears linked to the priority assigned to the completion of the European internal market by December 31, 1992 are set forth. Noting the deficiencies in the work accomplished to this day by European authorities in the area of consumer protection, the author suggests a few avenues for thought that appear to him to be the conditions by which European economic integration should be favourable for European consumers and as such, be welcomed by them

L’impact du droit européen de la consommation sur le droit privé des États membres

A convergência do direito privado constitui um fenómeno tangível no seio da União Europeia. O direito de consumo contribui de maneira decisiva para esta evolução, já incentivada pelo direito da concorrência. As mais recentes iniciativas, pondo em prática a política europeia de protecção aos consumidores, deixam antever um alargamento considerável do campo e do alcance da integração do direito de consumo e, através deste, do direito dos Estados membros da União. As tentativas recentes de incutir mais coerência aos textos adoptados, ao nível comunitário, deixam antever um impacto ainda mais importante

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 3, no 2 (avril 1967)Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 3, no 2 (avril 1967)Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 3, no 1 (février 1967)Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

Renal impairment in a rural African antiretroviral programme

Background: There is little knowledge regarding the prevalence and nature of renal impairment in African populations initiating antiretroviral treatment, nor evidence to inform the most cost effective methods of screening for renal impairment. With the increasing availability of the potentially nephrotixic drug, tenofovir, such information is important for the planning of antiretroviral programmes Methods: (i) Retrospective review of the prevalence and risk factors for impaired renal function in 2189 individuals initiating antiretroviral treatment in a rural African setting between 2004 and 2007 (ii) A prospective study of 149 consecutive patients initiating antiretrovirals to assess the utility of urine analysis for the detection of impaired renal function. Severe renal and moderately impaired renal function were defined as an estimated GFR of ≤ 30 mls/min/1.73 m2 and 30–60 mls/min/1.73 m2 respectively. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratio (OR) of significantly impaired renal function (combining severe and moderate impairment). Co-variates for analysis were age, sex and CD4 count at initiation. Results: (i) There was a low prevalence of severe renal impairment (29/2189, 1.3% 95% C.I. 0.8–1.8) whereas moderate renal impairment was more frequent (287/2189, 13.1% 95% C.I. 11.6–14.5) with many patients having advanced immunosuppression at treatment initiation (median CD4 120 cells/μl). In multivariable logistic regression age over 40 (aOR 4.65, 95% C.I. 3.54–6.1), male gender (aOR 1.89, 95% C.I. 1.39–2.56) and CD4<100 cells/ul (aOR 1.4, 95% C.I. 1.07–1.82) were associated with risk of significant renal impairment (ii) In 149 consecutive patients, urine analysis had poor sensitivity and specificity for detecting impaired renal function. Conclusion: In this rural African setting, significant renal impairment is uncommon in patients initiating antiretrovirals. Urine analysis alone may be inadequate for identification of those with impaired renal function where resources for biochemistry are limited

THE EFFECT OF PROPRANOLOL ON PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN MILD ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION

Fourteen male patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension have been studied with regard to plasma renin activity (PRA) after acute and prolonged Β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Initial PRA was determined after four weeks of placebo treatment. Before propranolol was given PRA rose in response to 10 min of 45° head-up tilt from 151.7 ng/100 ml/h to 248.7 ng/100 ml/h ( p <0.01). After acute administration of propranolol 0.22 mg/kg b.wt. i.v. and following repeated tilt for 10 min PRA only rose to 204.7 ng/100 ml/h (n.s.). Following four weeks of oral propranolol treatment at 160–320 mg daily PRA after tilt was 39.0 ng/100 ml/h. Thus a significant reduction of PRA had taken place ( p < 0.005) to a level constituting only 15% of the initial PRA after tilt. The reduction of blood pressure (BP) after four weeks of propranolol treatment was also significant. Diastolic BP was reduced by 19 mmHg( p < 0.001). The changes in BP and tilted PRA were not significantly correlated ( r =0.449, p <0.10). These results indicate that propranolol causes a marked reduction of PRA in addition to its hypotensive effect. However, this does not necessarily imply that there is a direct causal relationship between the effect of propranolol on PRA and its effect on BP.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73325/1/j.0954-6820.1974.tb08159.x.pd