Approches protéomiques pour l’analyse des exosomes de liquides biologiques pour la recherche de biomarqueurs

A biomarker is a molecule (or a cluster of molecule) which will reflect the occurrence of a pathological state, giving us the ability to detect a disease, to predict its severity or to assess drug efficiency. Biological fluids are the golden standards for biomarker research in human as they are routinely collected for patients’ follow-up and are less invasive than biopsies. During my PhD, I focused on exosomes that can be found in these biological fluids. Exosomes are nanovesicles with a diameter ranging between 30 and 100 nanometers. Exosomes are secreted by all cell types and harbor cytoplasmic and membranous proteins specific of their cells of origins. One of the major interest of exosomes enriched from biological fluids is that they represent a valuable source of biomarkers. They can be considered as a « liquid biopsy ». Their analysis could complete classical diagnosis and follow-up tools. In this project, we applied high resolution, high throughput proteomic techniques for exosomes analysis. We firstly focused on protein profiles in urinary exosomes in the context of two urinary tract diseases: cystinuria and kidney cancer. Cystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys. To date, there are no markers to predict the evolution toward end stage renal disease. We developed a method to prepare exosomes in order to reproducibly analyze their protein profiles. We applied this method to eight cystinuria patients and compared their profiles to those of ten healthy subjects. A panel of 38 differentially expressed proteins in patients were found and validated by western blots. We also applied this method to patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma, for which invasive biopsies are necessary for clear diagnosis. We analyzed urinary exosomes form eight patients before and after nephrectomy. We were able to highlight 25 overexpressed proteins in patients’ exosomes. Eventually, the last part of my thesis was dedicated to the analysis of exosomes enriched from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected in cystic fibrosis patients, a disease that affects mostly the lungs. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes analysis could give a new insight on the mechanisms of this disease. We compared protein profiles in exosomes from four cystic fibrosis patients and six asthmatic patients. The whole point of this work is to show that proteomic analysis of exosomes isolated from biological fluids could become a golden standard for the discovery of diagnosis or prognosis biomarkers.Un biomarqueur est une molécule (ou un ensemble de molécules) présente dans l’organisme qui témoigne de l’apparition d’un processus pathologique. Il permet ainsi de dépister une maladie, d’en prédire sa gravité ou encore d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un traitement. Les liquides biologiques représentent des milieux de choix pour la recherche de biomarqueurs en pathologie humaine car leur collection est habituelle dans la prise en charge des patients et moins invasive comparée aux biopsies d’organes ou de tissus. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement aux exosomes présents dans ces liquides biologiques. Les exosomes sont des nanovésicules dont le diamètre est compris entre 30 et 100 nanomètres. Ils sont sécrétés par tous les types cellulaires et contiennent des protéines cytoplasmiques et membranaires spécifiques de leur cellule d’origine. L’intérêt majeur des exosomes isolés à partir des liquides biologiques, est qu’ils constituent une source de biomarqueurs. Ils peuvent donc être assimilés à une « biopsie liquide ». L’analyse des exosomes pourrait compléter utilement des examens classiques de dépistage, de diagnostic et de suivi d’une pathologie. Dans le cadre de projet de cette thèse, nous avons appliqué des techniques de protéomique à haut débit pour l’analyse des exosomes. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord intéressés à l’analyse du profil protéique des exosomes urinaires dans le contexte de deux pathologies du tractus urinaire : la cystinurie et le cancer du rein. La cystinurie est une néphropathie lithiasique d’origine génétique pour laquelle il y a peu de marqueurs biologiques pouvant prédire son évolution vers l’insuffisance rénale terminale. Nous avons développé une méthode de préparation des exosomes urinaire permettant d’analyser de façon reproductible leurs profils protéiques. Nous avons appliqué cette méthode à huit patients cystinuriques et comparé les résultats aux profils obtenus chez dix sujets sains. Un panel de 38 protéines différentiellement exprimé dans les exosomes des patients a été identifié et en partie validé par Western blot. Concernant le cancer du rein à cellules claires pour lequel le diagnostic nécessite des prélèvements invasifs par biopsie, nous avons analysé les exosomes urinaires de huit patients avant et après néphrectomie. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence un panel de 25 protéines surexprimées dans les exosomes des patients. Enfin, le dernier volet de cette thèse a été consacré à l’analyse des exosomes du lavage broncho-alvéolaire provenant de patients MV, maladie d’origine génétique qui atteint principalement les poumons. L’analyse des exosomes de lavage broncho-alvéolaire pourrait permettre de donner un éclairage nouveau sur la physiopathologie de la maladie. Nous avons réalisé la comparaison des profils protéiques des exosomes de quatre patients MV, et six patients asthmatiques. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus au cours de cette thèse montre que l’analyse protéomique des exosomes issus de fluides biologiques peut aider la recherche de biomarqueurs diagnostics ou pronostics de maladies

Proteomic approaches for biological fluids exosomes analysis for biomarker discovery

Un biomarqueur est une molécule (ou un ensemble de molécules) présente dans l’organisme qui témoigne de l’apparition d’un processus pathologique. Il permet ainsi de dépister une maladie, d’en prédire sa gravité ou encore d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un traitement. Les liquides biologiques représentent des milieux de choix pour la recherche de biomarqueurs en pathologie humaine car leur collection est habituelle dans la prise en charge des patients et moins invasive comparée aux biopsies d’organes ou de tissus. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement aux exosomes présents dans ces liquides biologiques. Les exosomes sont des nanovésicules dont le diamètre est compris entre 30 et 100 nanomètres. Ils sont sécrétés par tous les types cellulaires et contiennent des protéines cytoplasmiques et membranaires spécifiques de leur cellule d’origine. L’intérêt majeur des exosomes isolés à partir des liquides biologiques, est qu’ils constituent une source de biomarqueurs. Ils peuvent donc être assimilés à une « biopsie liquide ». L’analyse des exosomes pourrait compléter utilement des examens classiques de dépistage, de diagnostic et de suivi d’une pathologie. Dans le cadre de projet de cette thèse, nous avons appliqué des techniques de protéomique à haut débit pour l’analyse des exosomes. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord intéressés à l’analyse du profil protéique des exosomes urinaires dans le contexte de deux pathologies du tractus urinaire : la cystinurie et le cancer du rein. La cystinurie est une néphropathie lithiasique d’origine génétique pour laquelle il y a peu de marqueurs biologiques pouvant prédire son évolution vers l’insuffisance rénale terminale. Nous avons développé une méthode de préparation des exosomes urinaire permettant d’analyser de façon reproductible leurs profils protéiques. Nous avons appliqué cette méthode à huit patients cystinuriques et comparé les résultats aux profils obtenus chez dix sujets sains. Un panel de 38 protéines différentiellement exprimé dans les exosomes des patients a été identifié et en partie validé par Western blot. Concernant le cancer du rein à cellules claires pour lequel le diagnostic nécessite des prélèvements invasifs par biopsie, nous avons analysé les exosomes urinaires de huit patients avant et après néphrectomie. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence un panel de 25 protéines surexprimées dans les exosomes des patients. Enfin, le dernier volet de cette thèse a été consacré à l’analyse des exosomes du lavage broncho-alvéolaire provenant de patients MV, maladie d’origine génétique qui atteint principalement les poumons. L’analyse des exosomes de lavage broncho-alvéolaire pourrait permettre de donner un éclairage nouveau sur la physiopathologie de la maladie. Nous avons réalisé la comparaison des profils protéiques des exosomes de quatre patients MV, et six patients asthmatiques. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus au cours de cette thèse montre que l’analyse protéomique des exosomes issus de fluides biologiques peut aider la recherche de biomarqueurs diagnostics ou pronostics de maladies.A biomarker is a molecule (or a cluster of molecule) which will reflect the occurrence of a pathological state, giving us the ability to detect a disease, to predict its severity or to assess drug efficiency. Biological fluids are the golden standards for biomarker research in human as they are routinely collected for patients’ follow-up and are less invasive than biopsies. During my PhD, I focused on exosomes that can be found in these biological fluids. Exosomes are nanovesicles with a diameter ranging between 30 and 100 nanometers. Exosomes are secreted by all cell types and harbor cytoplasmic and membranous proteins specific of their cells of origins. One of the major interest of exosomes enriched from biological fluids is that they represent a valuable source of biomarkers. They can be considered as a « liquid biopsy ». Their analysis could complete classical diagnosis and follow-up tools. In this project, we applied high resolution, high throughput proteomic techniques for exosomes analysis. We firstly focused on protein profiles in urinary exosomes in the context of two urinary tract diseases: cystinuria and kidney cancer. Cystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys. To date, there are no markers to predict the evolution toward end stage renal disease. We developed a method to prepare exosomes in order to reproducibly analyze their protein profiles. We applied this method to eight cystinuria patients and compared their profiles to those of ten healthy subjects. A panel of 38 differentially expressed proteins in patients were found and validated by western blots. We also applied this method to patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma, for which invasive biopsies are necessary for clear diagnosis. We analyzed urinary exosomes form eight patients before and after nephrectomy. We were able to highlight 25 overexpressed proteins in patients’ exosomes. Eventually, the last part of my thesis was dedicated to the analysis of exosomes enriched from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected in cystic fibrosis patients, a disease that affects mostly the lungs. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes analysis could give a new insight on the mechanisms of this disease. We compared protein profiles in exosomes from four cystic fibrosis patients and six asthmatic patients. The whole point of this work is to show that proteomic analysis of exosomes isolated from biological fluids could become a golden standard for the discovery of diagnosis or prognosis biomarkers

Proteomic approaches for biological fluids exosomes analysis for biomarker discovery

Un biomarqueur est une molécule (ou un ensemble de molécules) présente dans l’organisme qui témoigne de l’apparition d’un processus pathologique. Il permet ainsi de dépister une maladie, d’en prédire sa gravité ou encore d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un traitement. Les liquides biologiques représentent des milieux de choix pour la recherche de biomarqueurs en pathologie humaine car leur collection est habituelle dans la prise en charge des patients et moins invasive comparée aux biopsies d’organes ou de tissus. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement aux exosomes présents dans ces liquides biologiques. Les exosomes sont des nanovésicules dont le diamètre est compris entre 30 et 100 nanomètres. Ils sont sécrétés par tous les types cellulaires et contiennent des protéines cytoplasmiques et membranaires spécifiques de leur cellule d’origine. L’intérêt majeur des exosomes isolés à partir des liquides biologiques, est qu’ils constituent une source de biomarqueurs. Ils peuvent donc être assimilés à une « biopsie liquide ». L’analyse des exosomes pourrait compléter utilement des examens classiques de dépistage, de diagnostic et de suivi d’une pathologie. Dans le cadre de projet de cette thèse, nous avons appliqué des techniques de protéomique à haut débit pour l’analyse des exosomes. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord intéressés à l’analyse du profil protéique des exosomes urinaires dans le contexte de deux pathologies du tractus urinaire : la cystinurie et le cancer du rein. La cystinurie est une néphropathie lithiasique d’origine génétique pour laquelle il y a peu de marqueurs biologiques pouvant prédire son évolution vers l’insuffisance rénale terminale. Nous avons développé une méthode de préparation des exosomes urinaire permettant d’analyser de façon reproductible leurs profils protéiques. Nous avons appliqué cette méthode à huit patients cystinuriques et comparé les résultats aux profils obtenus chez dix sujets sains. Un panel de 38 protéines différentiellement exprimé dans les exosomes des patients a été identifié et en partie validé par Western blot. Concernant le cancer du rein à cellules claires pour lequel le diagnostic nécessite des prélèvements invasifs par biopsie, nous avons analysé les exosomes urinaires de huit patients avant et après néphrectomie. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence un panel de 25 protéines surexprimées dans les exosomes des patients. Enfin, le dernier volet de cette thèse a été consacré à l’analyse des exosomes du lavage broncho-alvéolaire provenant de patients MV, maladie d’origine génétique qui atteint principalement les poumons. L’analyse des exosomes de lavage broncho-alvéolaire pourrait permettre de donner un éclairage nouveau sur la physiopathologie de la maladie. Nous avons réalisé la comparaison des profils protéiques des exosomes de quatre patients MV, et six patients asthmatiques. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus au cours de cette thèse montre que l’analyse protéomique des exosomes issus de fluides biologiques peut aider la recherche de biomarqueurs diagnostics ou pronostics de maladies.A biomarker is a molecule (or a cluster of molecule) which will reflect the occurrence of a pathological state, giving us the ability to detect a disease, to predict its severity or to assess drug efficiency. Biological fluids are the golden standards for biomarker research in human as they are routinely collected for patients’ follow-up and are less invasive than biopsies. During my PhD, I focused on exosomes that can be found in these biological fluids. Exosomes are nanovesicles with a diameter ranging between 30 and 100 nanometers. Exosomes are secreted by all cell types and harbor cytoplasmic and membranous proteins specific of their cells of origins. One of the major interest of exosomes enriched from biological fluids is that they represent a valuable source of biomarkers. They can be considered as a « liquid biopsy ». Their analysis could complete classical diagnosis and follow-up tools. In this project, we applied high resolution, high throughput proteomic techniques for exosomes analysis. We firstly focused on protein profiles in urinary exosomes in the context of two urinary tract diseases: cystinuria and kidney cancer. Cystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys. To date, there are no markers to predict the evolution toward end stage renal disease. We developed a method to prepare exosomes in order to reproducibly analyze their protein profiles. We applied this method to eight cystinuria patients and compared their profiles to those of ten healthy subjects. A panel of 38 differentially expressed proteins in patients were found and validated by western blots. We also applied this method to patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma, for which invasive biopsies are necessary for clear diagnosis. We analyzed urinary exosomes form eight patients before and after nephrectomy. We were able to highlight 25 overexpressed proteins in patients’ exosomes. Eventually, the last part of my thesis was dedicated to the analysis of exosomes enriched from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected in cystic fibrosis patients, a disease that affects mostly the lungs. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes analysis could give a new insight on the mechanisms of this disease. We compared protein profiles in exosomes from four cystic fibrosis patients and six asthmatic patients. The whole point of this work is to show that proteomic analysis of exosomes isolated from biological fluids could become a golden standard for the discovery of diagnosis or prognosis biomarkers

Mammal Hyaluronidase Activity on Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate: Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligosaccharide Products

International audienceAbstract Mammalian hyaluronidases are endo-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidases involved in the catabolism of hyaluronic acid (HA) but their role in the catabolism of chondroitin sulfate (CS) is also examined. HA and CS are glycosaminoglycans implicated in several physiological and pathological processes, and understanding their metabolism is of significant importance. Data have been previously reported on the degradation of CS under the action of hyaluronidase, yet a detailed structural investigation of CS depolymerization products remains necessary to improve our knowledge of the CS depolymerizing activity of hyaluronidase. For that purpose, the fine structural characterization of CS oligosaccharides formed upon the enzymatic depolymerization of various CS subtypes by hyaluronidase has been carried out by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) and extreme UV (XUV) photodissociation tandem MS. The exact mass measurements show the formation of wide size range of even oligosaccharides upon digestion of CS-A and CS-C comprising hexa- and octa-saccharides among the main digestion products, as well as formation of small quantities of odd-numbered oligosaccharides, while no hyaluronidase activity was detected on CS-B. In addition, slight differences have been observed in the distribution of oligosaccharides in the digestion mixture of CS-A and CS-C, the contribution of longer oligosaccharides being significantly higher for CS-C. The sequence of CS oligosaccharide products determined XUV photodissociation experiments verifies the selective β(1 → 4) glycosidic bond cleavage catalyzed by mammal hyaluronidase. The ability of the mammal hyaluronidase to produce hexa- and higher oligosaccharides supports its role in the catabolism of CS anchored to membrane proteoglycans and in extra-cellular matrix

MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF THE HYALURONIDASE-CATALYZED TRANSGLYCOSYLATION REACTION FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS.

National audienceThe Master internship project focused on the study of a recent oligosaccharide synthesis strategy based on the principle of enzymatic transglycosylation. The transglycosylation reaction was studied by exploiting the enzymatic activity of mammalian hyaluronidase, an endohydrolase that is active not only on the glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) hyaluronic acid (HA) but also on chondroitin sulfate (CS) as we recently showed [1]. Under specific reaction conditions, literature data indicated that this endohydrolase is able to catalyze a transglycosylation reaction in the opposite direction of hydrolysis reaction to form an osidic bond between HA oligosaccharides used as donor and acceptor [2]. The synthetic capabilities of this enzyme are of major interest for the production of defined sequences of GAGs, thus facilitating their structural and functional characterization. With the aim to study the capability of hyaluronidase to catalyze the tranglycosylation reaction with CS oligosaccharides donor and acceptor, we have implemented in this work mass spectrometry-based methods for the separation, detection and structural analysis of GAG. The hyaluronidase-catalyzed transglycosylation reaction was conducted using a variety of oligosaccharide acceptors and donors, and was monitored by coupling hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) [3]. The exploration of the experimental conditions favoring the transglycosylation reaction gave promising results since the formation of neosynthesized oligosaccharides could be detected. [1]M. Bilong, P. Bayat, M. Bouderioux, M. Jérôme, A. Giuliani, R. Daniel, Glycobiology, 2021, 31 (7), 751–761.[2]H. Saitoh, K. Takagaki, M. Majima, T. Nakamura, A. Matsuki, M. Kasai, H. Narita, M. Endo, J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270 (8), 3741–3747.[3]S. Poyer, I. Seffouh, C. Lopin-Bon, J.-C. Jacquinet, J. L. Neira, J.-Y. Salpin, R. Daniel, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2021, doi : 10.1007/s00216-021-03679-9

Localized lipidomics in cystic fibrosis: TOF-SIMS imaging of lungs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected mice.

International audience: A consistent body of research has linked cystic fibrosis (CF) with variations in the tissue and fluid content in a number of lipid molecules. However, little is known about the spatial localization of those variations. We have recently applied TOF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging to detect differential lipid signatures at the colon epithelium between normal and cftr-/- mice. In the present work we have used this technology to investigate potential differences in the spatial distribution of lipids due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a.) infection in mouse lung expressing or not cftr. Wild-type and exon 10 cftr knockout mice were subjected to intranasal infection with a clinical strain of P.a. Lung cryosections from infected and non-infected mice were subjected to cluster TOF-SIMS analysis in the negative ion mode. We observed a highly specific localization of a phosphoinositol fragment ion at m/z 299.1 in bronchial epithelium. Using this ion to delineate a region of interest, we studied the relative abundance of ions below m/z 1500. We found a significant increase in m/z 465.4 (identified as cholesteryl sulfate) in cftr-/- epithelium and in response to bacterial infection, as well as a decrease in most carboxylic ions. In conclusion, the m/z 299.1 ion can be used as a marker of bronchial epithelium, where P.a. infection leads to increased presence of cholesteryl sulfate in this tissue. TOF-SIMS imaging reveals as a valuable tool for the study of respiratory epithelium. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Cystic Fibrosis: From o-mics to cell biology, physiology, and therapeutic advances

Discrimination between Alpha-Synuclein Protein Variants with a Single Nanometer-Scale Pore

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Single molecule nanopore sensing of glycosaminoglycans

International audienceSequencing of polysaccharides is lagging behind compared to the very advanced situation for the twoother major families of bio-polymers, nucleic acids and proteins, for which effective methods of structuralanalysis have been available for decades. The need for such methods is particularly felt for bioactivepolysaccharides and among them glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).GAGs are highly sulfated linear polysaccharides that play a dominant role in the communication ofcells with their environment [1]. Comprising of disaccharide units, GAGs present an extraordinary structuralcomplexity due to their non-template driven biosynthesis that results in their chemical heterogeneity and abroad diversification of structure.Faced with this situation, a powerful solution is provided by the single-molecule detection andcharacterization based on the translocation through nanopores. This technique has been applied to GAGs byexploiting the confinement properties of the aerolysin nanopore. Heparin, chondroitin sulfate, dermatansulfate, heparosan and hyaluronic acid saccharides were analyzed and distinguished, showing that aerolysinnanopore can detect and characterize GAGs with various sulfate patterns, osidic bonds and epimers ofuronic acid residues [2].The results of the study show for the first time the detection and resolution of different sequences ofGAGs according to the different modifications distributed along the chains. The discrimination of the buildingblocks of GAGs is an essential step towards a sequencing pathway for these polysaccharides

Comprehensive structural assignment of glycosaminoglycan oligo- and polysaccharides by protein nanopore

International audienceAbstract Glycosaminoglycans are highly anionic functional polysaccharides with information content in their structure that plays a major role in the communication between the cell and the extracellular environment. The study presented here reports the label-free detection and analysis of glycosaminoglycan molecules at the single molecule level using sensing by biological nanopore, thus addressing the need to decipher structural information in oligo- and polysaccharide sequences, which remains a major challenge for glycoscience. We demonstrate that a wild-type aerolysin nanopore can detect and characterize glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides with various sulfate patterns, osidic bonds and epimers of uronic acid residues. Size discrimination of tetra- to icosasaccharides from heparin, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate was investigated and we show that different contents and distributions of sulfate groups can be detected. Remarkably, differences in α/β anomerization and 1,4/1,3 osidic linkages can also be detected in heparosan and hyaluronic acid, as well as the subtle difference between the glucuronic/iduronic epimers in chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. Although, at this stage, discrimination of each of the constituent units of GAGs is not yet achieved at the single-molecule level, the resolution reached in this study is an essential step toward this ultimate goal

Comparative proteomics of respiratory exosomes in cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia and asthma

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