A coupled radiative-convective-photochemical model of the stratosphere

A one-dimensional atmospheric model is described. The neutral photochemical processes of the troposphere and stratosphere are presented by a reaction set of 87 kinetic processes and 28 photolytic reactions, with vertical transport being taken into account by an eddy diffusion parameter. The vertical temperature profiles are coupled with the chemical calculations by means of a radiative-convective code. The model has the capability of including effects of multiple scattering and diurnal variations in species concentrations. The numerical solution methodology is described in detail, and current input data are given along with results obtained in a sample calculation

PUBLIC OFFICIALS State of Georgia Division of Archives and History: Authorize the Display of Certain Historical Documents as Part of the Foundation of American Law and Government; Provide a Context for Historical Documents; Provide for Related Matters; Repeal Conflicting Laws; and for Other Purposes

The Act authorizes local municipalities and political subdivisions to post documents considered to be relative to the foundations of American law and government. The authorized documents include the Mayflower Compact, the Ten Commandments as extracted from Exodus Chapter 20, the Declaration of Independence, the Magna Carta, The Star Spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key, the national motto, the Preamble to the Georgia Constitution, the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution, and the description on the image of Lady Justice. The Foundations of American Law and Government display is to include these nine documents together with a context for acknowledging historically significant documents in America\u27s heritage

Understanding Appalachian Deaths of Despair Through a Perspective of Marxism and Intersectionality

Uneducated working-class individuals in the United States are dying from suicide, drug overdose, and alcoholic-related liver disease at unprecedented rates; a phenomenon economists Anne Case and Angus Deaton describe as deaths of despair. This paper focuses on deaths of despair in the Appalachian region, where mortality rates from these types of deaths are disproportionately higher than the rest of the country. Marxism and intersectionality are two philosophical frameworks that I will apply to Appalachian despair to test the adequacy of their explanatory power. By placing Marxism and intersectionality in the context of the data surrounding deaths of despair, I can test their capability to accurately diagnose and understand this health issue

Making Space for Permanent Molars in Growing Baboon (Papio anubis) and Great Ape (Pan paniscus and P. troglodytes) Mandibles: Possible Ontogenetic Strategies and Solutions

While mandible proportions do not appear to constrain permanent molar initiation times, how adequate space is created in the corpus for these teeth in a timely way is not well understood. This question is important for explaining how primate tooth and jaw development and evolution are coordinated. Landmark and linear measurement data were used to characterize mandible shape, growth trajectory, and growth rate between two genera, Papio and Pan, with contrasting permanent molar initiation schedules and mandible proportions. 3D geometric morphometric and 2D bivariate analyses showed genus-level differences in mandible morphology from birth that were amplified by different postnatal growth trajectories. Different corpus proportions and regional variation in corpus growth rates helped create space in a timely way for the molars. Regional corpus growth rates may evolve alongside permanent molar morphology and developmental timing to modify space available in the corpus for these teeth

Solar neutron transport in the earth's atmosphere

Solar neutron transport in Earth atmosphere from neutron spectral measurement

Investigations on the essentiality of the Escherichia coli DedA membrane protein family

The DedA protein family is a highly conserved family of membrane proteins, with members present throughout all domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Investigation of the DedA membrane protein family began with the isolation of BC202, an Escherichia coli mutant with in-frame deletions of two DedA proteins of unknown function (YqjA and YghB) that share 61% amino acid identity. BC202 demonstrates temperature sensitivity, inefficient cell division, an altered phospholipid composition, increased expression of extracytoplasmic stress response pathways, as well as an inability to maintain the cell membrane proton motive force (PMF). Additionally, Borrelia burgdorferi has a single DedA homolog (Bb0250), deletion of this gene was only possible in the presence of a cloned and inducible copy of the gene. The essentiality of the DedA membrane protein family in B. burgdorferi, instigated the investigation into the essentiality of the family in E. coli, which has eight individually non-essential DedA genes. Discussed herein is the generation of mutants in which all eight E. coli DedA genes are deleted, which again, was only possible in the presence of a cloned and arabinose inducible DedA protein. One mutant was further characterized, BAL801 (cloned EcDedA), identifying that the essential function of the E. coli DedA membrane protein family may be to play a vital role in the proper maintenance and segregation of the bacterial nucleoid. Also, complementation of BC202’s temperature sensitivity and cell division defects are complemented by only four of the eight E. coli DedA proteins (C-group; yqjA, yghB, yohD, and yabI), the remaining four were subsequently classified as non-complementing (NC-group; ydjX, ydjZ, yqaA, and dedA). The identification of the C- and NC-groups within E. coli’s DedA proteins, lead to the generation of another mutant series in which the NC-group and the C-group proteins were independently deleted, to aide in the continued understanding of this essential and redundant membrane protein family

Posttraumatic Substance Use Disorders (PTSUD): Perceived Causal Relations between Trauma-Related Symptoms and Substance Use Disorders

Substance use disorders (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequently comorbid in those who have experienced psychological trauma, although little research has investigated the cause and effect relationships between the two. This thesis examined the co-occurrence of trauma-related symptoms, PTSD, and SUD using Perceived Causal Relations scaling in an online community sample (n = 513) and in persons who were or had recently attended treatment for SUDs (n = 12). In both samples, participants perceived trauma-related reexperiencing and avoidance as significant causes of substance use partly dependent on the gender of the respondent, and men reported that dissociative experiences were more of an effect than a cause of their substance use. Study results are considered in respect to the self-medication, high-risk and susceptibility hypotheses associating PTSD-SUD comorbidity

Impact of China's Accession to the WTO on U.S. Agricultural Exports

China's accession to the WTO has been welcomed by a broad range of U.S. agricultural interests. The WTO agreement will lower tariffs and other barriers, and increase market access, but the actual benefits to U.S. exporters will depend on the competitiveness of U.S. exports with those of other countries and on China's implementation of WTO rules. Analysis by the U.S. Department of Agriculture indicates immediate gains in export sales for U.S. agriculture, gains that will increase over time as market access expands and as Chinese economic growth boosts demand for imported agricultural products. However, some observers express less optimism, indicating that while U.S. exports to China should expand "in theory," in practice exporters will face several hurdles which must be overcome in order to reach the full potential of the Chinese market. This paper adds to USDA and other analyses of China's export potential by discussing the status of China's WTO implementation for agriculture, and provides a qualitative assessment of the potential for U.S. agricultural exports to China over the next few years.International Relations/Trade,

An implicit semianalytic numerical method for the solution of nonequilibrium chemistry problems

The first order differential equation form systems of equations. They are solved by a simple and relatively accurate implicit semianalytic technique which is derived from a quadrature solution of the governing equation. This method is mathematically simpler than most implicit methods and has the exponential nature of the problem embedded in the solution