345 research outputs found

    Information technology and efficiency in trucking.

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    In this paper, we develop an econometric model to estimate the impacts of Electronic Vehicle Management Systems (EVMS) on the load factor (LF) of heavy trucks using data at the operational level. This technology is supposed to improve capacity utilization by reducing coordination costs between demand and supply. The model is estimated on a subsample of the 1999 National Roadside Survey, covering heavy trucks travelling in the province of Quebec. The LF is explained as a function of truck, trip and carrier characteristics. We show that the use of EVMS results in a 16 percentage points increase of LF on backhaul trips. However, we also find that the LF of equipped trucks is reduced by about 7.6 percentage points on fronthaul movements. This last effect could be explained by a rebound effect: higher expected LF on the returns lead carriers to accept shipments with lower fronthaul LF. Overall, we find that this technology has increased the tonne-kilometers transported of equipped trucks by 6.3% and their fuel efficiency by 5%.

    Information technology and efficiency in trucking

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    In this paper, we develop an econometric model to estimate the impacts of Electronic Vehicle Management Systems (EVMS) on the load factor (LF) of heavy trucks using data at the operational level. This technology is supposed to improve capacity utilization by reducing coordination costs between demand and supply. The model is estimated on a subsample of the 1999 National Roadside Survey, covering heavy trucks travelling in the province of Quebec. The LF is explained as a function of truck, trip and carrier characteristics. We show that the use of EVMS results in a 16 percentage points increase of LF on backhaul trips. However, we also find that the LF of equipped trucks is reduced by about 7.6 percentage points on fronthaul movements. This last effect could be explained by a rebound effect: higher expected LF on the returns lead carriers to accept shipments with lower fronthaul LF. Overall, we find that this technology has increased the tonne-kilometers transported of equipped trucks by 6.3% and their fuel efficiency by 5%.Information and Communication Technology, Efficiency, Load factor, Trucking, Energy Efficiency

    Développement d'une poutre de béton armé de bambou préfabriquée pour l'habitat urbain de Hanoi

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    Ce mĂ©moire porte sur le dĂ©veloppement d’un systĂšme de plancher de bĂ©ton prĂ©fabriquĂ© destinĂ© Ă  l’habitat urbain de Hanoi et plus particuliĂšrement sur la prĂ©fabrication d’une poutre de bĂ©ton armĂ© de bambou. Une partie de la recherche fut menĂ©e conjointement avec M. Dany Blackburn qui s’intĂ©ressa Ă  l’habitation Ă  faible coĂ»t et aux bĂ©tons cellulaires. Dans la premiĂšre partie de ce mĂ©moire, notre travail consistait Ă  dresser le portrait du marchĂ© de la construction locale afin d’en saisir les rĂ©alitĂ©s et les enjeux principaux. Les observations rĂ©alisĂ©es sur le terrain Ă  l’étĂ© 2002 sont donc prĂ©sentĂ©es dans la premiĂšre partie de ce mĂ©moire ainsi que dans celui de Dany Blackburn (2006). En second lieu, une recension d’écrits fait le point sur l’état actuel des publications les plus rĂ©centes sur la technologie du bĂ©ton armĂ© de bambou. Les thĂšmes retenus sont trĂšs Ă©troitement liĂ©s Ă  cette recherche exploratoire. Il s’agit des propriĂ©tĂ©s physiques et mĂ©caniques du bambou, des mĂ©thodes de prĂ©servation de la matiĂšre, des critĂšres de choix de l’espĂšce de bambou, du problĂšme d’adhĂ©rence entre le bambou et le bĂ©ton et l’utilisation des armatures de bambou dans le bĂ©ton dans le cas d’une poutre. Notons enfin que cette recension ne prĂ©tend aucunement ĂȘtre exhaustive. L’accent est mis davantage sur les Ă©tudes rĂ©centes et sur les rĂ©sultats les plus marquants. C’est Ă  partir de l’information recueillie sur le terrain et de celle recensĂ©e dans la littĂ©rature que fut rĂ©alisĂ© l’objectif premier de ce mĂ©moire, soit la prĂ©fabrication d’une poutre de bĂ©ton armĂ© de bambou destinĂ© Ă  l’habitat urbain de Hanoi. La troisiĂšme partie de la recherche expose donc la mĂ©thodologie empruntĂ©e lors des expĂ©rimentations. Finalement, un prototype de plancher prĂ©fabriquĂ© en grandeur rĂ©elle fut soumis Ă  un essai de chargement. La maquette se compose de 3 poutres de bĂ©ton armĂ© de bambou ainsi que de 10 dalles de bĂ©ton cellulaire produites par Dany Blackburn dans le cadre de son mĂ©moire. Des essais mĂ©caniques ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© menĂ©s afin de mesurer l’efficacitĂ© structurale des poutres de bĂ©ton armĂ© de bambou et du systĂšme de plancher prĂ©fabriquĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats prĂ©sentĂ©s dans la derniĂšre partie de ce mĂ©moire dĂ©montrent que l’utilisation du bambou comme armature de bĂ©ton dans la prĂ©fabrication de poutres est une alternative intĂ©ressante et peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e efficacement pour la construction rĂ©sidentielle de Hanoi.This thesis relates on the development of a precasted concrete floor intended for the urban habitat of Hanoi and more particularly to the prefabrication of a concrete beam reinforced with bamboo. A part of this research was carried out jointly with Mr. Dany Blackburn which was interested to low cost housing and gas concrete slabs. Initially, our work consisted in drawing up the portrait of the local construction market to seize the principal realities and stakes of them. The observations carried out on the ground at summer 2002 are thus presented in the first part of this thesis. In the second part, a recension of writings gives a progress report on the current state of the most recent publications on the bamboo reinforced concrete technology. With the information collected on the ground and listed in the literature, the principal objective of this thesis was carried out: the prefabrication of a concrete beam reinforced with bamboo. The third part of research exposes the methodology used during the experiments. Finally, a real size prototype of the prefabricated floor system was assembled. The model is composed of 3 concrete beams reinforced with bamboo and 10 gas concrete slabs produced by Dany Blackburn within its report. Mechanical tests were then carried out to measure the structural effectiveness of the concrete beams reinforced with bamboo and of the prefabricated floor system. The results presented in the last part of this thesis show that the bamboo as concrete reinforcement in the prefabrication of beams are an interesting alternative and can be used effectively for the residential construction of Hanoi

    IntĂ©gration de la caractĂ©risation de la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© du feu dans les outils d'amĂ©nagement Ă©cosystĂ©mique en forĂȘt borĂ©ale

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    Chaque annĂ©e en forĂȘt borĂ©ale, les feux gĂ©nĂšrent de grandes quantitĂ©s d’arbres morts au QuĂ©bec. ConsidĂ©rĂ©s comme une perte de revenu potentiel pour l'Ă©conomie, le gouvernement demande qu'une partie de ces arbres soit rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©e. C'est d'ailleurs une pratique connaissant une tendance Ă  la hausse au niveau mondial. Par contre, la rĂ©cupĂ©ration de ce bois est rĂ©gie par diverses contraintes, dont la rentabilitĂ© des opĂ©rations et le respect des normes d'amĂ©nagement forestier Ă©cosystĂ©mique (AFE) visant la conservation de la biodiversitĂ© associĂ©e aux forĂȘts brĂ»lĂ©es. La mise en application de l'AFE nĂ©cessite de connaĂźtre l'impact du feu sur la forĂȘt et ce de façon spatialement explicite. Dans cette optique, nous avons d’abord Ă©valuĂ© la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© du feu sur le terrain dans 60 sites d’études rĂ©partis Ă  travers cinq brĂ»lis. Nous avons ensuite Ă©valuĂ© le potentiel du « differenced Normalized Burn Ratio » (dNBR), une mĂ©thode de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection dĂ©veloppĂ©e par des chercheurs amĂ©ricains pour estimer la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© du feu, Ă  offrir une reprĂ©sentation fidĂšle des conditions de terrain. Les rĂ©sultats positifs de cette Ă©tape nous ont permis de considĂ©rer le dNBR pour bonifier les outils d’amĂ©nagement utilisĂ©s en forĂȘts brĂ»lĂ©es. Du point de vue de la rentabilitĂ© de la rĂ©cupĂ©ration, nous avons utilisĂ© le dNBR pour prĂ©dire la densitĂ© des attaques de Monochamus spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), qui constituent une source importante de dĂ©gradation de la qualitĂ© du bois et incidemment de sa valeur. Les connaissances acquises sur l’écologie des Monochamus spp. et les modĂšles Ă©tablis permettent de prĂ©dire les niveaux d’attaques de ces insectes en fonction de l’essence, du diamĂštre des tiges et de la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© du feu (dNBR). Ensuite, suivant le cadre de l'AFE, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  identifier les forĂȘts Ă  haute valeur de conservation pour la biodiversitĂ©, en utilisant les colĂ©optĂšres saproxyliques comme groupe indicateur, et les variables clĂ©s que sont l’essence, la dimension des arbres et la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© du feu (dNBR). Cela nous a permis d’identifier six groupes d’espĂšces Ă©cologiquement liĂ©es, desquels nous avons identifiĂ© trois groupes ayant un fort lien avec l'habitat brĂ»lĂ©. Puisque ces trois groupes contiennent des espĂšces associĂ©es aux brĂ»lis et qu'elles sont liĂ©es Ă  des habitats prisĂ©s par la rĂ©cupĂ©ration, comme le pin gris et les tiges de gros diamĂštres, ces espĂšces pourraient ĂȘtre nĂ©gativement affectĂ©es par la rĂ©cupĂ©ration. Les rĂ©sultats de nos travaux, grĂące Ă  l'utilisation d'un indicateur spectral de la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© du feu (dNBR) dans les outils d'amĂ©nagement, rendront possible l'optimisation de la rĂ©cupĂ©ration aprĂšs feu, tant des points de vue Ă©conomique que de la conservation, et ce dans le respect de l'AFE.Each year in the boreal forest, wildfires generate large amounts of dead trees in Quebec. Considered a potential loss of revenue for the economy, the government asks that a part of those trees is salvaged. This is also a practice experiencing a rising trend worldwide. On the other hand, post-fire salvage logging is governed by various constraints, concerning both the profitability of operations and compliance with the standards of the forest ecosystem management (FEM) aiming at conserving the biodiversity associated with burned forests. The implementation of FEM requires knowledge on the impact that fire has on the forest in a spatially explicit manner. In this light, we first evaluated on site burn severity for 60 study sites distributed accross 5 burns. We then assessed the ability of the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR), a remote sensing method developed by US researchers to estimate burn severity, at providing an accurate representation of the terrain conditions. The positive results of this step allowed us to consider the dNBR improve management tools of burned forests. From the viewpoint of the profitability of salvage logging, we then evaluated the density of Monochamus spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) attacks, which constitute an important source of quality degradation of wood and incidentally their value. The knowledge acquired on the ecology of Monochamus spp. and established models predict the levels of these insects attacks based on tree species, stem diameter and burn severity (dNBR). Thirdly, following part of the FEM, we sought to identify high conservation value stands for biodiversity, using saproxylic beetles as an indicator group, and key variables that are tree species and diameter, as well as burn severity (dNBR). This allowed us to identify six groups of ecologically related species, of which, we identified three groups having a strong association with the burned habitat. Since these three groups contain species associated to burns, that are linked to habitats often salvaged such as jack pine and large diameters, they may be adversely affected by salvage logging. The results of our work, by using a spectral index of burn severity (dNBR) in management tools, make possible the optimization of post-fire salvage logging, from both the economic and conservation points of view, in compliance with the FEM

    The xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related retrovirus debate continues at first international workshop

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    The 1st International Workshop on Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Retrovirus (XMRV), co-sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, The Department of Health and Human Services and Abbott Diagnostics, was convened on September 7/8, 2010 on the NIH campus, Bethesda, MD. Attracting an international audience of over 200 participants, the 2-day event combined a series of plenary talks with updates on different aspects of XMRV research, addressing basic gammaretrovirus biology, host response, association of XMRV with chronic fatigue syndrome and prostate cancer, assay development and epidemiology. The current status of XMRV research, concerns among the scientific community and suggestions for future actions are summarized in this meeting report

    Multi-objective optimisation of viscoelastic damping inserts in honeycomb sandwich structures

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    PublishedArticleAccepted ManuscriptThe Double-Shear Lap Joint (DSLJ) is a novel damping insert sited internally within a structure which is particularly well suited for lightweight sandwich structures with internal voids, such as honeycomb core sandwich panels. In high performance lightweight structures, the insertion of relatively more dense dampers of any type may increase the total mass substantially and alter the mass distribution significantly. The objective herein was to determine the optimum location, number and orientation of DSLJ inserts within a typical sandwich panel, and thereby to assess the efficacy of two different optimisation approaches to this problem; a parametric optimisation and the Adaptive Indicator-Based Evolutionary Algorithm (IBEA). Both approaches were used to maximise the damping while minimising the additional mass of the damping inserts applied to the structure. Although the parametric approach was faster and easier to implement, the Adaptive IBEA identified significantly better configurations in many cases, especially where veering occurred, in one case improving modal loss factors more than fourfold vs the parametric method. Solutions were identified with large increases in modal loss factors but only small increases in mass vs the empty structure.This work was supported by the MEET project (Material for Energy Efficiency in Transport) in the context of the INTERREG IV-A France (Channel) England European cross-border co-operation programme, which is co-financed by the ERDF

    Reflections and Considerations on Running Creative Visualization Learning Activities

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    This paper draws together nine strategies for creative visualization activities. Teaching visualization often involves running learning activities where students perform tasks that directly support one or more topics that the teacher wishes to address in the lesson. As a group of educators and researchers in visualization, we reflect on our learning experiences. Our activities and experiences range from dividing the tasks into smaller parts, considering different learning materials, to encouraging debate. With this paper, our hope is that we can encourage, inspire, and guide other educators with visualization activities. Our reflections provide an initial starting point of methods and strategies to craft creative visualisation learning activities, and provide a foundation for developing best practices in visualization education
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