79 research outputs found

    Ionic liquids at electrified interfaces

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    Until recently, “room-temperature” (<100–150 °C) liquid-state electrochemistry was mostly electrochemistry of diluted electrolytes(1)–(4) where dissolved salt ions were surrounded by a considerable amount of solvent molecules. Highly concentrated liquid electrolytes were mostly considered in the narrow (albeit important) niche of high-temperature electrochemistry of molten inorganic salts(5-9) and in the even narrower niche of “first-generation” room temperature ionic liquids, RTILs (such as chloro-aluminates and alkylammonium nitrates).(10-14) The situation has changed dramatically in the 2000s after the discovery of new moisture- and temperature-stable RTILs.(15, 16) These days, the “later generation” RTILs attracted wide attention within the electrochemical community.(17-31) Indeed, RTILs, as a class of compounds, possess a unique combination of properties (high charge density, electrochemical stability, low/negligible volatility, tunable polarity, etc.) that make them very attractive substances from fundamental and application points of view.(32-38) Most importantly, they can mix with each other in “cocktails” of one’s choice to acquire the desired properties (e.g., wider temperature range of the liquid phase(39, 40)) and can serve as almost “universal” solvents.(37, 41, 42) It is worth noting here one of the advantages of RTILs as compared to their high-temperature molten salt (HTMS)(43) “sister-systems”.(44) In RTILs the dissolved molecules are not imbedded in a harsh high temperature environment which could be destructive for many classes of fragile (organic) molecules

    Investigating the Structure and Functions of Worldview Assumptions

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    The goal of this dissertation was to develop a relatively comprehensive and culturally de-centered measure of worldview assumptions, basic beliefs that humans have about the world and reality. A pool of 179 items was compiled from a selective review of the literature and submitted to Exploratory Factor Analysis in a US sample. The emergent 6-factor structure was submitted to increasingly stringent tests of invariance in samples from Lebanon, Singapore, and India and met the standards for factorial invariance. The 6-factors showed a diverse set of relationships with measures of the potential functions of worldview: subjective well-being, meaning in life, and tolerance for inequality

    Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase ÎŽ in liver cell plasticity and its deregulation in hepatitis C virus-related pathogenesis

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    La plasticitĂ© Ă©pithĂ©liale se manifeste par la transition Ă©pithĂ©lio-mĂ©senchymateuse (EMT), un processus par lequel les cellules Ă©pithĂ©liales changent leur polaritĂ© et leurs caractĂ©ristiques Ă©pithĂ©liales pour adopter un phĂ©notype mĂ©senchymateux et peut-ĂȘtre associĂ©es au caractĂšre souche. Dans cette Ă©tude, basĂ©e sur la culture d'organoĂŻdes en 3D de lignĂ©es cellulaires dĂ©rivĂ©es du carcinome hĂ©patocellulaire et sur la surexpression de la protĂ©ine par AAV8 dans le foie de souris, nous montrons que la modulation de l’activitĂ© de l’isoforme ÎŽ de la phosphoinositide 3-Kinase contrĂŽle la diffĂ©renciation cellulaire et permet la distinction entre le caractĂšre souche et l’EMT en rĂ©gulant la signalisation du TGFÎČ. Elle fournit ainsi un outil important pour contrĂŽler le destin et la diffĂ©renciation des cellules Ă©pithĂ©liales et reprĂ©sente une avancĂ©e dans la comprĂ©hension du dĂ©veloppement des carcinomes agressifs. D’autre part, on a de plus montrĂ© son rĂŽle dans la rĂ©gulation de la pathogenĂšse du VHC et le mĂ©tabolisme lipidique par la signalisation Wnt/ÎČ-catĂ©nine.Epithelial plasticity is manifested by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process by which epithelial cells change their polarity and epithelial characteristics to adopt a mesenchymal phenotype and can be associated with stemness. In this study, based on 3D organoid culture of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell lines and AAV8-mediated overexpression of the protein in mouse liver, we show that modulation of mouse liver, we show that modulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3KÎŽ) ÎŽ-isoform activity controls cell differentiation and allows the distinction between stemness and EMT by regulating TGFÎČ signaling. It thus provides an important tool to control epithelial cell fate (differentiation) and represents a breakthrough in understanding the development of aggressive carcinomas. On the other hand, its role in regulating HCV pathogenesis and lipid metabolism through Wnt/ÎČ-catenin signaling has been further demonstrated

    Hybrid optimization methodology (Exergy/Pinch) and application to industrial processes

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    Dans la perspective du prĂ©sent scĂ©nario Ă©nergĂ©tique, ce travail de thĂšse propose une mĂ©thodologie qui associe la mĂ©thode du pincement Ă  l’analyse exergĂ©tique de maniĂšre Ă  dĂ©passer leurs limitations individuelles aboutissant Ă  une conception amĂ©liorĂ©e aux deux niveaux : paramĂštres opĂ©ratoires et topologie. Une mĂ©thodologie globale, consistant Ă  hybrider les deux mĂ©thodes thermodynamiques dans une approche entrelacĂ©e avec des rĂšgles heuristiques et une optimisation numĂ©rique, est donc Ă©voquĂ©e. À l'aide de nouveaux critĂšres d'optimisation basĂ©s sur l’exergie, l'analyse exergĂ©tique est utilisĂ©e non seulement pour Ă©valuer les pertes d’exergie mais Ă©galement pour guider les amĂ©liorations potentielles des conditions de fonctionnement et de structure des procĂ©dĂ©s industriels. En plus, au lieu de considĂ©rer uniquement l’intĂ©gration de la chaleur pour satisfaire des besoins existants, la mĂ©thodologie proposĂ©e Ă©tend la mĂ©thode de pincement pour inclure d’autres formes d’exergie rĂ©cupĂ©rables et exploiter de nouvelles voies de synergie via des systĂšmes de conversion. AprĂšs avoir prĂ©sentĂ© les lignes directrices de la mĂ©thodologie proposĂ©e, l’approche est dĂ©montrĂ©e sur deux systĂšmes industriels, un procĂ©dĂ© d’hydrotraitement de gasoil sous vide et un procĂ©dĂ© de liquĂ©faction de gaz naturel. L’application du cadre mĂ©thodologique Ă  des processus rĂ©alistes a montrĂ© comment ajuster les conditions opĂ©ratoires de chaque procĂ©dĂ© et comment mettre en Ɠuvre des systĂšmes de conversion gĂ©nĂ©rant des Ă©conomies d’énergie substantielles.In the perspective of the prevailing and alarming energy scene, this doctoral work puts forward a methodology that couples pinch and exergy analysis in a way to surpass their individual limitations in the aim of generating optimal operating conditions and topology for industrial processes. A global methodology, a hybrid of the two thermodynamic methods in an intertwined approach with heuristic rules and numerical optimization, is therefore evoked. Using new optimizing exergy-based criteria, exergy analysis is used not only to assess the exergy losses but also to guide the potential improvements in industrial processes structure and operating conditions. And while pinch analysis considers only heat integration to satisfy existent needs, the proposed methodology allows including other forms of recoverable exergy and explores new synergy pathways through conversion systems. After exhibiting the guidelines of the proposed methodology, the entire approach is demonstrated on two industrial systems, a vacuum gasoil hydrotreating process and a natural gas liquefaction process. The application of the methodological framework on realistic processes demonstrated how to adjust each process operating conditions and how to implement conversion systems ensuing substantial energy savings
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