THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICES JUDGEMENT ON THE BAKASSI PENINSULA BORDER DISPUTE: IMPACT ON THE ANGLOPHONE CRISIS IN CAMEROON

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. 신성호.이 연구는 바카시 반도 국경 분쟁과 관련된 2002 년 10 월 10 일 국제 사법 재판소 판결이 카메룬의 축구 위기 에 미치는 영향을 분석합니다. 실제로이 판결은 나이지리아와의 국경 분쟁 후 바카시 반도에 대한 카메룬의 주권을 인정하여 국제 사법 재판소 (ICJ) 이전에 평화적으로 해결되었다. 그러나 평화를 결정적으로 회복시키기보다는 주간 분쟁에 대한이 평화로운 정착은 카메룬의 영토 지역에서 내부 갈등을 일으켰습니다. 이 연구를 수행하기 위해 우리는 질적 방법을 구성 주의적 접근법과 결합하여 진행중인 위기를 분석했습니다. 우리 작업의 결과물은이 문제에 관한 책, 기사, 신문, 비디오 및 보고서에서 나옵니다. 연구가 끝났을 때, 우리는 바카시 반도에 대한 경제적 지분이 영국 정부 공동체와 정부 사이에서 과거 지배권을 받았지만 영국 정부 위기의 발발을 일으킨 촉매제 중 하나라는 것을 관찰했다. 사회적 주장에 의해 시작된 이 위기는 점진적으로 정치화되었고, 결국 분리 주의적 주장에 의해 유발된 무력 충돌로 바뀌었다. 이와 관련하여, 이 위기의 해결은 각국의 솔직한 대화와 상호 양보뿐만 아니라 특히 정책을 보장하기 위해 주변의 평화로운 정착을 촉진함으로써 국내뿐만 아니라 국제적 차원에서 행동을 통합해야 한다. 국가의 부를 공정하고 공평하게 재분배하기 위해This study analyses the impact of the International Court of Justices judgement of 10, October 2002 related to the Bakassi Peninsula border dispute, on the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon. Indeed the said judgement has recognized the Cameroon's sovereignty over Bakassi peninsula after a border dispute with Nigeria, which led to a peaceful resolution before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). However rather than to definitively restore the peace, this peaceful settlement on an interstate dispute led to an internal conflict in Anglophone regions of Cameroon. To carry out this study, we used the qualitative method combined to a constructivist approach to analyse the ongoing crisis. The products of our work come from books, articles, newspapers, videos and reports on this issue. At the end of our research, we observe that economic stake over the Bakassi peninsula is one of the catalyst which led to the outbreak of the Anglophone crisis, however under control in the past, between Anglophone community and the Government. This crisis, started by a social claim, has gradually politicized and finally transformed in an armed conflict motivated by secessionist claims. In this respect, its resolution of this crisis should integrate actions both at domestic as well international levels, through the promotion of a peaceful settlement organized around, not only a frank dialogue and reciprocal concessions among the different belligerents, but especially in view to guarantee policies for a fair and equitable redistribution of the country's wealth.CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1 1.2. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 12 1.3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 16 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 17 1.5. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 18 1.6. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 19 1.7. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 21 1.8. METHODOLOGY 22 1.9. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 24 1.10. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS 25 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 31 2.1. THE DYNAMIC OF CONFLICTS IN AFRICA. 31 2.1.1. CLASSICAL CONFLICTS IN AFRICA 31 2.1.1.1. FAVOURABLE CONTEXTS TO CLASSICAL CONFLICTS 31 2.1.1.2. TYPOLOGY OF CLASSICAL CONFLICTS IN AFRICA 37 2.1.2. NEW DYNAMIC OF CONFLICTS IN AFRICA 41 2.1.2.1. DETERMINANTS IN NEW CONFLICTS 42 2.1.2.2. INNOVATIONS OF NEW CONFLICTS 46 2.2. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE 51 2.2.1. THE BAKASSI CONFLICT 51 2.2.2. THE ANGLOPHONE CRISIS 58 CHAPTER THREE: ALERTS OF AN INELUCTABLE INTERNAL CRISIS 64 3.1. DOMESTIC DEMONSTRATIONS OF A BREAK 64 3.1.1. BACKGROUND OF AN INTERNAL BREAK 64 3.1.2. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN BAKASSI 68 3.2. THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF ALERTS 73 3.2.1. THE REJECTION OF BAKASSI JUDGEMENT 73 3.2.2. THE INTERNATIONAL DENIAL OF STATE'S AUTHORITY 75 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF THE ANGLOPHONE CRISIS 79 4.1. THE PANORAMA OF THE ANGLOPHONE CRISIS 79 4.1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE CRISIS 79 4.1.2. STRATEGY OF ANGLOPHONE COMBATANTS 83 4.2. ACTORS OF THE ANGLOPHONE CRISIS 87 4.2.1. ANGLOPHONE ACTORS 87 4.2.1.1. THE ANGLOPHONE SECESSIONIST TRENDS: DIRECT ACTORS OF THE CRISIS 88 4.2.1.2. ANGLOPHONE FEDERALIST TREND 94 4.2.2. STATE ACTORS 95 4.2.2.1. GOVERNMENTS INITIATIVES 96 4.2.2.2. THE DIPLOMATIC INCENTIVES 97 4.2.2.3 THE MAJOR NATIONAL DIALOGUE 100 CHAPTER FIVE: POLICY SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 103 5.1. SUMMARY STATEMENT 103 5. 2. RECOMMENDATIONS 107 5.2.1. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DOMESTIC ACTORS 107 5.2.2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ACTORS 110 5.3. CONCLUSION 110 REFERENCES 112 APPENDIX 119 추상 135Maste

ONCE MORE ON THE BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLE OF THE INITIAL FORCE. THIS TIME IN CEREBRAL PALSY

The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the patterns of the developed ground reaction forces in the two – legged countermovement jumping, performed by persons affected by tetraparesis with ataxia, tetraparesis with athetosis, tetraparesis with spasticity, diplegia with spasticity, right and left hemiplegia and, finally, right and left hemiparesis. After twenty subjects jumped on the surface of a force plate analysis of the ground reaction force – time trend took place. The obtained results confirm the accomplishment of the biomechanical principle of the initial force as in the case of persons not affected by neurological disorders. Finally the calculated ratio between the breaking impulse and the acceleration impulse is very near to optimum values (.3 to .4)

Relevancia del problema de control motor y reconsideración del protocolo NIOSH en las tareas con manipulación manual de cargas

En este trabajo de investigación se ha analizado la manipulación manual de cargas utilizando los sistemas electrónicos y tecnologías desarrolladas en el Laboratorio de Biomecánica del Movimiento Humano y Ergonomía de la Universidad de Extremadura que han permitido medir la geometría del movimiento y el nivel de esfuerzo que suponen estas tareas. Los resultados obtenidos corroboran todas las hipótesis establecidas respecto de la intervención de los músculos analizados y su relación con el problema de control de los movimientos Además los resultados sugieren una discusión científica sobre la fiabilidad del protocolo NIOSH que tendría que tener en cuenta la calidad de control postural en la manipulación manual de cargas y de la técnica en la determinación del nivel de riesgo de padecer problemas músculo – esqueléticos. Concluyendo se puede afirmar que en Extremadura se dispone de una metodología científica altamente fiable que permite analizar y evaluar tareas que incluyen manipulación manual de cargas que puede ser de mucha utilidad tanto para la prevención de riesgos laborales como para la formación de los prevencionistas

Evaluation of Soil Cations in Agricultural Soils of East Wollega Zone in South Western Ethiopia

No Abstract

A methodological proposal and tool support for the HL7 standards compliance in the development of health information systems

Health information systems are increasingly complex, and their development is presented as a challenge for software development companies offering quality, maintainable and interoperable products. HL7 (Health level 7) International, an international non-profit organization, defines and maintains standards related to health information systems. However, the modelling languages proposed by HL7 are far removed from standard languages and widely known by software engineers. In these lines, NDT is a software development methodology that has a support tool called NDT-Suite and is based, on the one hand, on the paradigm of model-driven engineering and, on the other hand, in UML that is a widely recognized standard language. This paper proposes an extension of the NDT methodology called MoDHE (Model Driven Health Engineering) to offer software engineers a methodology capable of modelling health information systems conforming to HL7 using UML domain models

El desarrollo del paquete BiomSoft y sus aplicaciones en el análisis biomecánico del movimiento humano

El análisis biomecánico del movimiento humano tiene aplicaciones, en el ámbito médico, ocupacional y deportivo analizando la técnica y diseñando material deportivo de altas prestaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido presentar el software desarrollado en el Laboratorio de Biomecánica del Movimiento Humano y de Ergonomía de la Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte de la Universidad de Extremadura que permite analizar el movimiento humano normal y patológico. El paquete BiomSoft desarrollado en entorno MATLAB 5.3 permite el tratamiento y la representación de los datos procedentes del análisis biomecánico aplicando diferentes técnicas de suavizado e interpolación de los datos cinemáticos y cálculo de las magnitudes cinemáticas lineales y angulares, la creación y uso de una base de datos de parámetros inerciales, análisis dinámico inverso y determinación de los momentos musculares netos y del trabajo mecánico realizado, análisis espectral de los datos Electromiográficos y de Estabilometría, representaciones gráficas y animaciones de modelos alámbricos, y simulación de procesos de tratamiento digital de señales (filtrado, padding, FFT, enventanado, etc.) con objetivos didácticos. Por tanto, se ha desarrollado un software que permite la descripción, análisis y evaluación de la motricidad humana en diferentes ámbitos de la Biomecanica del Movimiento Humano, además de ser muy útil para la enseñanza y las prácticas de laboratorio

Study of difference in child rearing practice based on sex of child among married women of reproductive age group in urban slum of Mumbai

Background: India a vast country has left behind a number of stigmas and prejudices to move ahead as one nation. Still in a number of states, villages, cities and towns, gender bias is persistent leading to female discrimination. Objective: To study the difference in child rearing practices based on sex of child among married women of reproductive age group in urban slum of Mumbai.Methods:A community based, cross-sectional study was carried out among 900 married women of reproductive age group during a period of Jan. 2007 to Jan. 2008 at Shivajinagar urban health centre, which is field practice area of T. N. medical college, Mumbai. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling in an urban slum of Mumbai, Maharashtra.Results:In present study, a total of 900 married women with their children below five year are 1158 (male: 632 & female: 526) were analyzed. There was statistically significant difference between child rearing practices like breast feeding initiation, complimentary feeding, immunization status, nutritional status, and treatment seeking behavior.Conclusion:The findings in the present study confirm that sex based difference in child rearing practices persist in urban slum area of Mumbai.

Fatty acid composition of different adipose tissues in heavy pigs

Forty-seven castrated male Duroc x (Landrace x Large White) pigs were used to determine fatty acids compositions from different adipose tissues. The outer subcutaneous backfat layer had a lower proportion of saturated and higher monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids than the inner laver. Liver fat had the highest proportion of poiyunsaturated fatty acids. Intramuscular fat followed by subcutaneous backfat had the highest monounsaturation indexes. Moreover, omental and hepatic fat had the highest amount of n-3 fatty acids. In conclusion, the fatty acid profile was depended on fat location, with intramuscular and outer backfat the most beneficial from the point of view of nutrition and health

The Cost of Accumulating Evidence in Perceptual Decision Making

Decision making often involves the accumulation of information over time, but acquiring information typically comes at a cost. Little is known about the cost incurred by animals and humans for acquiring additional information from sensory variables due, for instance, to attentional efforts. Through a novel integration of diffusion models and dynamic programming, we were able to estimate the cost of making additional observations per unit of time from two monkeys and six humans in a reaction time (RT) random-dot motion discrimination task. Surprisingly, we find that the cost is neither zero nor constant over time, but for the animals and humans features a brief period in which it is constant but increases thereafter. In addition, we show that our theory accurately matches the observed reaction time distributions for each stimulus condition, the time-dependent choice accuracy both conditional on stimulus strength and independent of it, and choice accuracy and mean reaction times as a function of stimulus strength. The theory also correctly predicts that urgency signals in the brain should be independent of the difficulty, or stimulus strength, at each trial