Performance of an induction motor

Thesis (B.S.)--University of Illinois, 1902.Typescript

Clades of huge phages from across Earth's ecosystems.

Bacteriophages typically have small genomes1 and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication2. Here we sequenced DNA from diverse ecosystems and found hundreds of phage genomes with lengths of more than 200 kilobases (kb), including a genome of 735 kb, which is-to our knowledge-the largest phage genome to be described to date. Thirty-five genomes were manually curated to completion (circular and no gaps). Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and previously undescribed CRISPR-Cas systems, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA synthetases, tRNA-modification enzymes, translation-initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. The CRISPR-Cas systems of phages have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phages may repurpose bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems to eliminate competing phages. We phylogenetically define the major clades of huge phages from human and other animal microbiomes, as well as from oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that the large gene inventories of huge phages reflect a conserved biological strategy, and that the phages are distributed across a broad bacterial host range and across Earth's ecosystems

Clades of huge phages from across Earth's ecosystems

Bacteriophages typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication. Here we sequenced DNA from diverse ecosystems and found hundreds of phage genomes with lengths of more than 200 kilobases (kb), including a genome of 735 kb, which is-to our knowledge-the largest phage genome to be described to date. Thirty-five genomes were manually curated to completion (circular and no gaps). Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and previously undescribed CRISPR-Cas systems, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA synthetases, tRNA-modification enzymes, translation-initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. The CRISPR-Cas systems of phages have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phages may repurpose bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems to eliminate competing phages. We phylogenetically define the major clades of huge phages from human and other animal microbiomes, as well as from oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that the large gene inventories of huge phages reflect a conserved biological strategy, and that the phages are distributed across a broad bacterial host range and across Earth's ecosystems

A genomic catalog of Earth’s microbiomes

The reconstruction of bacterial and archaeal genomes from shotgun metagenomes has enabled insights into the ecology and evolution of environmental and host-associated microbiomes. Here we applied this approach to >10,000 metagenomes collected from diverse habitats covering all of Earth’s continents and oceans, including metagenomes from human and animal hosts, engineered environments, and natural and agricultural soils, to capture extant microbial, metabolic and functional potential. This comprehensive catalog includes 52,515 metagenome-assembled genomes representing 12,556 novel candidate species-level operational taxonomic units spanning 135 phyla. The catalog expands the known phylogenetic diversity of bacteria and archaea by 44% and is broadly available for streamlined comparative analyses, interactive exploration, metabolic modeling and bulk download. We demonstrate the utility of this collection for understanding secondary-metabolite biosynthetic potential and for resolving thousands of new host linkages to uncultivated viruses. This resource underscores the value of genome-centric approaches for revealing genomic properties of uncultivated microorganisms that affect ecosystem processes

Preparation and characterization of manganese fulleride

High cooling requirements are of increasing concerns, and means of managing these loads are being sought. Thermoelectric devices offer a unique capability of energy harvesting and providing point cooling utilizing the same device. Commercial thermoelectric materials are based on precious metals or other non-abundant materials. Carbon based fullerene materials have shown great promise for energy conversion applications. With their intrinsically low thermal conductivities, fullerene based materials may offer several advantages for thermoelectric applications over traditional inorganic based thermoelectric materials. Fulleride materials have already shown electrical properties spanning from the insulating to superconductive regimes. This work focused on preparing and characterizing manganese fulleride(s) by wet chemical synthesis and physical vapor deposition methods, both building on recent analogous zinc fulleride work. Characterization of the wet synthetic powders revealed fullerols were produced instead of fullerides. Consequently, the resulting material(s) was found to be unsuitable for thermoelectric applications. Deposition samples yielded more favorable results for both characterization and material properties. The resulting room temperature zT was determined to be 6.0 · 10-6. In all cases, electrical conductivities and thermopowers require improvement if manganese fulleride(s) are to be considered as viable thermoelectric material

Preparation and Characterization of Manganese Fulleride

High cooling requirements are of increasing concerns, and means of managing these loads are being sought. Thermoelectric devices offer a unique capability of energy harvesting and providing point cooling utilizing the same device. Commercial thermoelectric materials are based on precious metals or other non-abundant materials. Carbon based fullerene materials have shown great promise for energy conversion applications. With their intrinsically low thermal conductivities, fullerene based materials may offer several advantages for thermoelectric applications over traditional inorganic based thermoelectric materials. Fulleride materials have already shown electrical properties spanning from the insulating to superconductive regimes. This work focused on preparing and characterizing manganese fulleride(s) by wet chemical synthesis and physical vapor deposition methods, both building on recent analogous zinc fulleride work. Characterization of the wet synthetic powders revealed fullerols were produced instead of fullerides. Consequently, the resulting material(s) was found to be unsuitable for thermoelectric applications. Deposition samples yielded more favorable results for both characterization and material properties. The resulting room temperature zT was determined to be 6.0 · 10-6. In all cases, electrical conductivities and thermopowers require improvement if manganese fulleride(s) are to be considered as viable thermoelectric material

Attitudes Toward A Water Resource Planning Program As Measures Of Effectiveness: A Case Study With Local Community Leaders In The Susquehanna River Basin.

PhDArea planning & developmentUrban planningUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/187645/2/7311046.pd