5-level torque-hysteresis controller for DTC based IM drive

In the recent trade demand, the AC machines and drives are extensively utilized. Normally, the AC drives exploit with high efficacy as well as high performance. Among other things, one of the best control strategies is Direct torque control (DTC). For this article, the induction motor drive is projected very simple amended DTC scheme in accordance with the hysteresis controller. By the reason of its modest assembly & effective execution, DTC is used for AC as well as DC drive as associated to other monitoring structures. The presence of high ripple content in output torque for DTC scheme is only an obstacle. This article approaches extenuation of the ripples in torque by varying the predictable 5-level torque hysteresis controller used in DTC. The expansion of distinctive switching approach has been generated for chosen voltage vector. On the basis of ripple content simulation outcomes fulfilled in MATLAB/SIMULINK for hysteresis torque controller to minimized the ripples

A seven-level cascaded multilevel inverter based on simplified SVPWM method

The multilevel converters are extremely widespread alternatives within megawatt power level as well as medium voltage level applications due to their excellent execution than the typical two-level converters. The widely applied control strategies aimed at inverters are Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) strategies. In between these two PWM methods, the SVPWM strategy has excellent execution as compared to the SPWM strategy as a result of improved DC link voltage use as well as a decrease in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in output voltages. A traditional SVPWM strategy owns numerous weaknesses like computational complications in terms of identification of the reference voltage vector position, to identify sector, triangle and also it requires large memory for storing look up tables used for switching vectors. This paper presents, an innovative modified SVPWM strategy aimed at Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHBMLI). The novel modified SVPWM strategy has overwhelm the downsides of traditional SVPWM strategy. A seven-level CHBMLI is used for the implementation of this simplified SVPWM method to assess performance and as well to made comparison with the SPWM strategy. A MATLAB software is used for the simulation

The endocannabinoid/cannabinoid receptor 2 system protects against cisplatin-induced hearing loss

Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R) in the rat cochlea which was induced by cisplatin. In an organ of Corti-derived cell culture model, it was also shown that an agonist of the CB2R protected these cells against cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In the current study, we determined the distribution of CB2R in the mouse and rat cochleae and examined whether these receptors provide protection against cisplatin-induced hearing loss. In a knock-in mouse model expressing the CB2R tagged with green fluorescent protein, we show distribution of CB2R in the organ of Corti, stria vascularis, spiral ligament and spiral ganglion cells. A similar distribution of CB2R was observed in the rat cochlea using a polyclonal antibody against CB2R. Trans-tympanic administration of (2-methyl-1-propyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-naphthalenylmethanone (JWH015), a selective agonist of the CB2R, protected against cisplatin-induced hearing loss which was reversed by blockade of this receptor with 6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methoxyphenyl)methanone (AM630), an antagonist of CB2R. JWH015 also reduced the loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) in the organ of Corti, loss of inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapses and loss of Na+/K+-ATPase immunoreactivity in the stria vascularis. Administration of AM630 alone produced significant hearing loss (measured by auditory brainstem responses) which was not associated with loss of OHCs, but led to reductions in the levels of IHC ribbon synapses and strial Na+/K+-ATPase immunoreactivity. Furthermore, knock-down of CB2R by trans-tympanic administration of siRNA sensitized the cochlea to cisplatin-induced hearing loss at the low and middle frequencies. Hearing loss induced by cisplatin and AM630 in the rat was associated with increased expression of genes for oxidative stress and inflammatory proteins in the rat cochlea. In vitro studies indicate that JWH015 did not alter cisplatin-induced killing of cancer cells suggesting this agent could be safely used during cisplatin chemotherapy. These data unmask a protective role of the cochlear endocannabinoid/CB2R system which appears tonically active under normal conditions to preserve normal hearing. However, an exogenous agonist is needed to boost the activity of endocannabinoid/CB2R system for protection against a more traumatic cochlear insult, as observed with cisplatin administration.</p

Effect of Mn²⁺ concentration in ZnS nanoparticles on photoluminescence and electron-spin- resonance spectra

Organically capped zinc sulfide nanoparticles doped with different manganese concentrations were prepared under similar conditions. Only the doping concentration was varied. Photoluminescence and electron-spin-resonance (ESR) investigations show some new results. At an optimum concentration of Mn doping a maximum in the photoluminescence is reached, whereas photoluminescence quenching occurs at higher concentrations. ESR investigations show that the spectra arise due to four different contributions of Mn ions, viz., (1) Mn(SI) in tetrahedral cationic substitution site with Td symmetry, (2) isolated Mn ions at the surface or interstitial locations (SII) with octahedral symmetry (Oh), (3) Mn-Mn dipolar interactions (SIII), and (4) exchange-coupled Mn clusters (SIV) in various proportions. Linewidths for all these (SI–SIV) differ from each other. Identification of these components suggests that SI may be responsible for the photoluminescence increase, whereas SII–SIV may be responsible for the luminescence quenching in nanoparticles

In vitro effect of Withania somnifera, AYUSH-64, and remdesivir on the activity of CYP-450 enzymes: Implications for possible herb−drug interactions in the management of COVID-19

Ayurvedic medicines Withania somnifera Dunal (ashwagandha) and AYUSH-64 have been used for the prevention and management of COVID-19 in India. The present study explores the effect of Ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 on important human CYP enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6) to assess their interaction with remdesivir, a drug used for COVID-19 management during the second wave. The study also implies possible herb−drug interactions as ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 are being used for managing various pathological conditions. Aqueous extracts of ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 were characterized using LC-MS/MS. A total of 11 and 24 phytoconstituents were identified putatively from ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 extracts, respectively. In addition, in silico studies revealed good ADME properties of most of the phytoconstituents of these herbal drugs and suggested that some of these might possess CYP-450 inhibitory activity. In vitro CYP-450 studies with human liver microsomes showed moderate inhibition of CYP3A4, 2C8, and 2D6 by remdesivir, while ashwagandha had no inhibitory effect alone or in combination with remdesivir. AYUSH-64 also exhibited a similar trend; however, a moderate inhibitory effect on CYP2C8 was noticed. Thus, ashwagandha seems to be safe to co-administer with the substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6. However, caution is warranted in prescribing AYUSH-64 along with CYP2C8 substrate drugs. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical PK studies would be helpful for their effective and safer use in the management of various ailments along with other drugs

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a prototypic chemopreventative agent for protection against cisplatin-based ototoxicity

AbstractCisplatin-induced ototoxicity is one of the major factors limiting cisplatin chemotherapy. Ototoxicity results from damage to outer hair cells (OHCs) and other regions of the cochlea. At the cellular level, cisplatin increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cochlear inflammation and apoptosis. Thus, ideal otoprotective drugs should target oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms without interfering with cisplatin's chemotherapeutic efficacy. In this study, we show that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a prototypic agent exhibiting these properties of an effect otoprotective agent. Rats administered oral EGCG demonstrate reduced cisplatin-induced hearing loss, reduced loss of OHCs in the basal region of the cochlea and reduced oxidative stress and apoptotic markers. EGCG also protected against the loss of ribbon synapses associated with inner hair cells and Na+/K+ ATPase α1 in the stria vascularis and spiral ligament. In vitro studies showed that EGCG reduced cisplatin-induced ROS generation and ERK1/2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) activity, but preserved the activity of STAT3 and Bcl-xL. The increase in STAT3/STAT1 ratio appears critical for mediating its otoprotection. EGCG did not alter cisplatin-induced apoptosis of human-derived cancer cells or cisplatin antitumor efficacy in a xenograft tumor model in mice because of its inability to rescue the downregulation of STAT3 in these cells. These data suggest that EGCG is an ideal otoprotective agent for treating cisplatin-induced hearing loss without compromising its antitumor efficacy.</jats:p

Life on the rocks: Small-scale primary succession in an abandoned limestone quarry

Abandoned quarries, from which all soil and plant life have been removed, represent an opportunity to study primary succession at a small scale. Using a framework suggested by Gilardelli et al. (2016), we assessed the stage of primary succession in an abandoned limestone quarry in Greencastle, Indiana, where gravel extraction ceased in 1977. From 2018-2021 we surveyed the quarry floor to describe the species composition and distribution of flowering plant species that have established at the site, then described each species in terms of its plant form, life history, native and wetland status, and invasive rank using the USDA website. In 2021, we made a grid across the quarry bottom and randomly selected 50 two-meter plots of which we characterized the substrate and identified flowering plant species found within each plot. We identified 106 species in the quarry, 72% are native to Indiana. From the quarry survey, we found that most of the species currently growing in the Nature Park quarry are native, herbaceous perennials. From the sample plots, we found that the quarry bottom does not follow the pattern of late-phase succession as laid out by Gilardelli et al. (2016) with only 28% of species identified being woody perennials that are sparsely distributed. Shrubland communities are not replacing herbaceous pioneer species as quickly as expected

An A3P approach towards Image Privacy on Social Sites

Usage of social media’s has been considerably increasing in today’s world which enables the user to share their personal information like images with other users. This improved technology leads to privacy desecration where the users can share large number of images across the network. To provide security for the information, we put forward this paper consisting Adaptive Privacy Policy Prediction (A3P) framework to help users create security measures for their images. The role of images and its metadata are studied as a measure of user’s privacy preferences. The Framework defines the best privacy policy for the uploaded images. It includes an Image classification framework for association of images with similar policies and a policy prediction technique to automatically generate a privacy policy for user-uploaded images

Adenosine A1 receptor protects against cisplatin ototoxicity by suppressing the NOX3/STAT1 inflammatory pathway in the cochlea

Cisplatin is a commonly used antineoplastic agent that produces ototoxicity that is mediated in part by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the NOX3 NADPH oxidase pathway in the cochlea. Recent studies implicate ROS generation in mediating inflammatory and apoptotic processes and hearing loss by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1). In this study, we show that the adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)AR) protects against cisplatin ototoxicity by suppressing an inflammatory response initiated by ROS generation via NOX3 NADPH oxidase, leading to inhibition of STAT1. Trans-tympanic administration of the A(1)AR agonist R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) inhibited cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, as measured by auditory brainstem responses and scanning electron microscopy in male Wistar rats. This was associated with reduced NOX3 expression, STAT1 activation, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, and apoptosis in the cochlea. In vitro studies in UB/OC-1 cells, an organ of Corti immortalized cell line, showed that R-PIA reduced cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 Ser(727) (but not Tyr(701)) and STAT1 luciferase activity by suppressing the ERK1/2, p38, and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. R-PIA also decreased the expression of STAT1 target genes, such as TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reduced cisplatin-mediated apoptosis. These data suggest that the A(1)AR provides otoprotection by suppressing NOX3 and inflammation in the cochlea and could serve as an ideal target for otoprotective drug therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of solid tumors. Its use results in significant and permanent hearing loss, for which no US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment is currently available. In this study, we targeted the cochlear adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)AR) by trans-tympanic injections of the agonist R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and showed that it reduced cisplatin-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the rat cochlea and preserved hearing. The mechanism of protection involves suppression of the NOX3 NADPH oxidase enzyme, a major target of cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the cochlea. ROS initiates an inflammatory and apoptotic cascade in the cochlea by activating STAT1 transcription factor, which is attenuated by R-PIA. Therefore, trans-tympanic delivery of A(1)AR agonists could effectively treat cisplatin ototoxicity