284 research outputs found
Community-Based Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans to Support Climate-Resilient Development in the Eastern African Highlands
Smallholder farmers in the Eastern African Highlands depend on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate adaptation and sustainable development goals must be targeted in an integrated way to better match farmers’ realities and address local priorities and vulnerabilities in these areas. To support climate-resilient development in the Eastern African Highlands, 224 local stakeholders were engaged in the development of community-based climate change adaptation action plans for the Jimma Highlands in Ethiopia, Taita Hills in Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Participatory methods, high-resolution climate projections and the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP’s) guidelines were used in the design of these climate action plans with specific objectives to: 1) engage stakeholders to increase understanding of climate change impacts, adaptation options and their potential trade-offs, 2) build their capacities to design climate change adaptation projects, 3) empower stakeholders to identify existing vulnerabilities and enhance climate resilience and 4) strengthen networks to facilitate information access and sharing. Increased risk of water stress and reduction of agricultural productivity were the most frequently identified climate-change-induced problems in the three areas. The developed action plans target the underlying causes of these problems and describe sector-specific responses, activities, critical barriers and opportunities and support the National Adaptation Programmes of Action.Peer reviewe
Prison-based interventions are key to achieving HCV elimination among people who inject drugs in New South Wales, Australia:a modelling study
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The effect of public health-oriented drug law reform on HIV incidence in people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico: an epidemic modelling study
Background As countries embark on public health-oriented drug law reform, health impact evaluations are needed. In 2012, Mexico mandated the narcomenudeo reform, which depenalised the possession of small amounts of drugs and instituted drug treatment instead of incarceration. We investigated the past and future effect of this drug law reform on HIV incidence in people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico. Methods In this epidemic modelling study, we used data from the El Cuete IV cohort study to develop a deterministic model of injecting and sexual HIV transmission in people who inject drugs in Tijuana between 2012 and 2030. The population was stratified by sex, incarceration status, syringe confiscation by the police, HIV stage, and exposure to drug treatment or rehabilitation (either opioid agonist treatment or compulsory drug abstinence programmes). We modelled the effect of these exposures on HIV risk in people who inject drugs, estimating the effect of observed and potential future reform enforcement levels. Findings In 2011, prior to the narcomenudeo reform, 547 (75%) of 733 people who inject drugs in the El Cuete cohort reported having ever been incarcerated, on average five times since starting injecting. Modelling estimated the limited reform implementation averted 2% (95% CI 0·2–3·0) of new HIV infections in people who inject drugs between 2012 and 2017. If implementation reduced incarceration in people who inject drugs by 80% from 2018 onward, 9% (95% CI 4–16) of new HIV infections between 2018 and 2030 could be averted, with 21% (10–33) averted if people who inject drugs were referred to opioid agonist treatment instead of being incarcerated. Referral to compulsory drug abstinence programmes instead of prison could have a lower or potentially negative impact with −2% (95% CI −23 to 9) infections averted. Interpretation Mexican drug law reform has had a negligible effect on the HIV epidemic among people who inject drugs in Tijuana. However, appropriate implementation could markedly reduce HIV incidence if linked to opioid agonist treatment. Unfortunately, compulsory drug abstinence programmes are the main type of drug rehabilitation available and their expansion could potentially increase HIV transmission
Measurement of the Lifetime and Λ Separation Energy of _{Λ}^{3}H
The most precise measurements to date of the _{Λ}^{3}H lifetime τ and Λ separation energy B_{Λ} are obtained using the data sample of Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV collected by ALICE at the LHC. The _{Λ}^{3}H is reconstructed via its charged two-body mesonic decay channel (_{Λ}^{3}H→^{3}He+π^{-} and the charge-conjugate process). The measured values τ=[253±11(stat)±6(syst)] ps and B_{Λ}=[102±63(stat)±67(syst)] keV are compatible with predictions from effective field theories and confirm that the _{Λ}^{3}H structure is consistent with a weakly bound system
First measurement of Λc+ production down to pT=0 in pp and p-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV
The production of prompt Lambda+c baryons has been measured at midrapidity in the transverse momentum interval 0 < pT < 1 GeV/c for the first time, in pp and p–Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon
collision √s NN = 5.02 TeV. The measurement was performed in the decay channel Lambda+c → pK0S by applying new decay reconstruction techniques using a Kalman-Filter vertexing algorithm and adopting a machine-learning
approach for the candidate selection. The pT -integrated Lambda+c production cross sections in both collision systems were determined and used along with the measured yields in Pb–Pb collisions to compute the pT -integrated
nuclear modification factors R pPb and R AA of Lambda+c baryons, which are compared to model calculations that
consider nuclear modification of the parton distribution functions. The Lambda+c /D0 baryon-to-meson yield ratio is
reported for pp and p–Pb collisions. Comparisons with models that include modified hadronization processes are
presented, and the implications of the results on the understanding of charm hadronization in hadronic collisions
are discussed. A significant (3.7σ ) modification of the mean transverse momentum of Lambda+c baryons is seen in p–Pb collisions with respect to pp collisions, while the pT -integrated Lambda+c /D0 yield ratio was found to be consistent between the two collision systems within the uncertainties
Light (anti)nuclei production in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV
The measurement of the production of deuterons, tritons and 3 He and their antiparticles in Pb-Pb collisions
at √s NN = 5.02 TeV is presented in this article. The measurements are carried out at midrapidity (|y| <
0.5) as a function of collision centrality using the ALICE detector. The pT -integrated yields, the coalescence
parameters and the ratios to protons and antiprotons are reported and compared with nucleosynthesis models. The
comparison of these results in different collision systems at different center-of-mass collision energies reveals a
suppression of nucleus production in small systems. In the Statistical Hadronisation Model framework, this can
be explained by a small correlation volume where the baryon number is conserved, as already shown in previous
fluctuation analyses. However, a different size of the correlation volume is required to describe the proton yields
in the same data sets. The coalescence model can describe this suppression by the fact that the wave functions
of the nuclei are large and the fireball size starts to become comparable and even much smaller than the actual
nucleus at low multiplicities
Inclusive and multiplicity dependent production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp and p-Pb collisions
Measurements of the production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV at midrapidity with the ALICE detector are presented down to a transverse momentum (p(T)) of 0.2 GeV/c and up to p(T) = 35 GeV/c, which is the largest momentum range probed for inclusive electron measurements in ALICE. In p-Pb collisions, the production cross section and the nuclear modification factor of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays are measured in the p(T) range 0.5 < p(T) < 26 GeV/c at root s(NN) = 8.16 TeV. The nuclear modification factor is found to be consistent with unity within the statistical and systematic uncertainties. In both collision systems, first measurements of the yields of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in different multiplicity intervals normalised to the multiplicity-integrated yield (self-normalised yield) at midrapidity are reported as a function of the self-normalised charged-particle multiplicity estimated at midrapidity. The self-normalised yields in pp and p-Pb collisions grow faster than linear with the self-normalised multiplicity. A strong p(T) dependence is observed in pp collisions, where the yield of high-p(T) electrons increases faster as a function of multiplicity than the one of low-p(T) electrons. The measurement in p-Pb collisions shows no p(T) dependence within uncertainties. The self-normalised yields in pp and p-Pb collisions are compared with measurements of other heavy-flavour, light-flavour, and strange particles, and with Monte Carlo simulations
Production of pions, kaons, and protons as a function of the relative transverse activity classifier in pp collisions at = 13 TeV
Abstract: The production of π±, K±, and ( p )p is measured in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV
in different topological regions of the events. Particle transverse momentum (pT) spectra are
measured in the “toward”, “transverse”, and “away” angular regions defined with respect
to the direction of the leading particle in the event. While the toward and away regions
contain the fragmentation products of the near-side and away-side jets, respectively, the
transverse region is dominated by particles from the Underlying Event (UE). The relative
transverse activity classifier, RT = NT/〈NT〉, is used to group events according to their UE
activity, where NT is the measured charged-particle multiplicity per event in the transverse
region and 〈NT〉 is the mean value over all the analysed events. The first measurements
of identified particle pT spectra as a function of RT in the three topological regions are
reported. It is found that the yield of high transverse momentum particles relative to the
RT-integrated measurement decreases with increasing RT in both the toward and the away
regions, indicating that the softer UE dominates particle production as RT increases and
validating that RT can be used to control the magnitude of the UE. Conversely, the spectral
shapes in the transverse region harden significantly with increasing RT. This hardening
follows a mass ordering, being more significant for heavier particles. Finally, it is observed
that the pT-differential particle ratios (p + p )/(π+ + π−) and (K+ + K−)/(π+ + π−) in
the low UE limit (RT → 0) approach expectations from Monte Carlo generators such as
PYTHIA 8 with Monash 2013 tune and EPOS LHC, where the jet-fragmentation models
have been tuned to reproduce e+e− results
Measurement of the non-prompt D-meson fraction as a function of multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at = 13 TeV
The fractions of non-prompt (i.e. originating from beauty-hadron decays) D0
and D+ mesons with respect to the inclusive yield are measured as a function of the
charged-particle multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s =
13 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The results are reported in intervals of
transverse momentum (pT) and integrated in the range 1 < pT < 24 GeV/c. The fraction
of non-prompt D0 and D+ mesons is found to increase slightly as a function of pT in
all the measured multiplicity intervals, while no significant dependence on the charged-
particle multiplicity is observed. In order to investigate the production and hadronisation
mechanisms of charm and beauty quarks, the results are compared to PYTHIA 8 as well
as EPOS 3 and EPOS 4 Monte Carlo simulations, and to calculations based on the colour
glass condensate including three-pomeron fusion
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