From Science to History: Ego-history in the Context of Transition Society

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Officer-Created Jeopardy and Reasonableness Reform: Rebuttable Presumption of Unreasonableness Within 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Police Use of Force Claims

This Note analyzes the current state of civil law surrounding police use of excessive force, highlighting the evolution of the “objective reasonableness” test employed in civil police use of force lawsuits brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This Note also discusses the role that social movements and surveillance technologies have played in furthering police accountability and shifting public opinion surrounding police use of force. After detailing this social and technological context, this Note addresses the numerous problems presented by the “objective reasonableness” test employed within civil police use of force cases, analyzing this problematic test from the perspective of both the public and the police. This Note coins the term “officer-created jeopardy liability loophole” and explains how, under the current test, officer-defendants can escape § 1983 liability when they deliberately or recklessly escalate a situation or create the need for force in the first place. To close this liability loophole and resolve other problems presented by the current “objective reasonableness” test, this Note proposes a rebuttable presumption of unreasonableness, in which a § 1983 plaintiff can present evidence to establish a prima facie case of officer-created jeopardy which, if not sufficiently rebutted by an officer-defendant, presumes the officer-defendant’s use of force unreasonable and in violation of § 1983

A Model of Balanced Links between Investments, Jobs, and Population

This paper summarizes the contents of a lecture presented by Dr. Borodkin of the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences in the Soviet Union. In it he argues for a demoeconomic perspective of rural development and outlines a model designed in his Institute that reflects such a perspective

El sector privado de la economía soviética en los años veinte

Editada en la Universidad Carlos IIIEl artículo estudia la movilidad social de los propietarios privados bajo la NEP (Nueva Política Económica) en la Unión Soviética durante los años veinte. La cuestión planteada es si era posible un rápido crecimiento de los sectores capitalistas bajo las condiciones sociales y económicas existentes. Más precisamente, se propone contrastar la idea de si la economía de mercado conlleva la diferenciación entre los propietarios privados y la formación de grupos sociales antagónicos a partir de una masa homogénea de pequeños productores de mercancías. Para ello se emplea un modelo de simulación basado en las cadenas de Markov y los resultados muestran la dirección y entidad de la diferenciación social y sugieren que, de haber prevalecido la NEP, los propietarios privados no se habrian desintegrado en grupos opuestos.This article deals with the social mobility of private owners under the N(ew) E(conomic) P(olicy) in the Soviet Union during the 1920's. The question addressed is: Was it possible a rapid growth of capitalist stratra under the prevalent social and economic conditions? More specifically, the paper puts to the test the idea that market economy inevitably entails private owners difierentiation and the formation of antagonistic social groups from the formerly homogeneous mass of petty commodity producers. A simulation model based on Markov chaina was applied and its results show the directions and extent of social differentiation suggesting that had the NEP survive, private owners would not have disintegrated into opposed groups.Publicad

Pre-collectivization peasantry social dynamics: retroprognosis: application of alternative modells

Anfang der 30er Jahre endete in der UdSSR die 'Neue Politische Ökonomie' und es begann die Phase der Zwangskollektivierung der sowjetischen Landwirtschaft. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht durch ein Simulationsmodell einer nicht kollektivierten Bauernschaft die verloren gegangenen Möglichkeiten der 'Neuen Politischen Ökonomie' retrospektiv in Erinnerung zu bringen. Die Modellparameter stützen sich auf Erhebungen Mitte der 20er Jahre. Die Ergebnisse der Simulation zeigen, daß bei Fortsetzung der 'freien Marktwirtschaft' die Bauernschaft nicht wie vorausgesagt und befürchtet in sich bekämpfende Gruppen zerfallen wäre, sondern eine Nivellierung hin auf Mittellagen eingetreten wäre. (pmb)'The events that occurred in the USSR at the end of the 1920s - beginning of the 1930s were given the name 'great break'. It was the end of NEP - New Economic Policy. This work applies simulation to retroprognosis of the pre-collectivization peasantry social structure dynamics to 'prolong' the NEP rural population social mobility tendencies up to the late 30ies, which offers an opportunity to disclose distinctly the nature of social processes in the countryside before the collectivization, to detect the directions and extent of the social differentiation. Simulation based on Markovs chains allows to assess a theory that market economy inevitably entails rural population differentiation and antagonistic social groups formation from the formerly homogeneous mass of petty commodity producers. The model's parameters were estimated by using the data on the rural social processes, recorded by dynamic censuses of the mid-20ies. The results of simulation indicate that if the NEP economic conditions had been sustained, the peasantry wouldn't have splitted into opposed group, on the contrary, the position of medium strata would have grown stronger against the background of the overall economic growth.' (author's abstract

Human’s Digital Space in a Digital City

The major idea of this paper is to discuss a question about free space around a human from a computer science point of view. As we well know, every animal has its own 2D or 3D region of freedom. If something or somebody tries to go inside or cross a border of this area, in most cases, it will be defined as an intruder. We will not discuss philosophical or humanitarian aspects of human freedom in this paper. We will speak about problems regarding the digital world of each of us only. In case we are going to talk about human’s digital space (HDS) let us first investigate the phenomenon of the digital world. If we take a look at linear algebra we can find definitions such as “space” and “subspace”. Therefore, the major idea of our discussion is to determine space and subspace in HDS and to introduce some measures for dynamic HDS borders and other properties that can be calculated by different methods. Another question concerns the interference of personal HDS. According to a HDS idea, a Digital City (DC) is a special terrain or a limited digital world. This world (DC) contains a number of humans and many of them (not everybody) have their own HDS. The major theoretical idea of the proposed paper is to discuss two phenomena, Digital City and Human’s Digital Space

Graph Theory Methods in Analysis of Model Structures

The present paper consists of an introduction, in two parts and an appendix. The Introduction is devoted to the definition of the problem and describes, as a whole, the methods used. The close connection between choosing the set of indicators and constructing the structural scheme of the model is discussed here. The possibility for using graph theory methods for analyzing and evaluating the given set of indicators is shown. Part I deals with the formal definition of the problem and describes graph theory algorithms employed in model structure analysis. In Part II, brief characteristics of the models under investigation and analysis of their graph models are given. The methods suggested in the present work appeared in the analysis of three global models: World 3, Mesarovic and Pestel model and MOIRA. In the Appendix, the sets of indicators of the graph models and the graph models themselves are given