Alterations in brain connectivity due to plasticity and synaptic delay

Brain plasticity refers to brain's ability to change neuronal connections, as a result of environmental stimuli, new experiences, or damage. In this work, we study the effects of the synaptic delay on both the coupling strengths and synchronisation in a neuronal network with synaptic plasticity. We build a network of Hodgkin-Huxley neurons, where the plasticity is given by the Hebbian rules. We verify that without time delay the excitatory synapses became stronger from the high frequency to low frequency neurons and the inhibitory synapses increases in the opposite way, when the delay is increased the network presents a non-trivial topology. Regarding the synchronisation, only for small values of the synaptic delay this phenomenon is observed

Demonstration project on epilepsy in Brazil - Outcome assessment

Purpose: To assess the outcome of patients with epilepsy treated at primary care health units under the framework of the demonstration project on epilepsy in Brazil, part of the WHO/ILAE/IBE Global Campaign Against Epilepsy. Method. We assessed the outcome of patients treated at four primary health units. The staff of the health units underwent information training in epilepsy. The outcome assessment was based on: 1) reduction of seizure frequency, 2) subjective perception from the patient's and the physician's point of view, 3) reduction of absenteeism, 4) social integration (school and work), and 5) sense of independence. Results: A total of 181 patients (93 women - 51%) with a mean age of 38 (range from 2 to 86) years were studied. The mean follow-up was 26 months (range from 1 to 38 months, 11 patients had follow-up of less than 12 months). Seizure frequency was assessed based on a score system, ranging from 0 (no seizure in the previous 24 months) to 7 (> 10 seizure/day). The baseline median seizure-frequency score was 3 (one to three seizures per month). At the end of the study the median seizure-frequency score was 1 (one to three seizures per year). The patients' and relatives' opinions were that in the majority (59%) the health status had improved a lot, some (19%) had improved a little, 20% experienced no change and in 2% the health status was worse. With regard to absenteeism, social integration and sense of independence, there were some modest improvements only. Discussion: The development of a model of epilepsy treatment at primary health level based on the existing health system, with strategic measures centred on the health care providers and the community, has proved to be effective providing important reductions in seizure frequency, as well as in general well being. This model can be applied nationwide, as the key elements already exist provided that strategic measures are put forward in accordance with local health providers and managers

Friedmann cosmology with decaying vacuum density

Among the several proposals to solve the incompatibility between the observed small value of the cosmological constant and the huge value obtained by quantum field theories, we can find the idea of a decaying vacuum energy density, leading from high values at early times of universe evolution to the small value observed nowadays. In this paper we consider a variation law for the vacuum density recently proposed by Schutzhold on the basis of quantum field estimations in the curved, expanding background, characterized by a vacuum density proportional to the Hubble parameter. We show that, in the context of an isotropic and homogeneous, spatially flat model, the corresponding solutions retain the well established features of the standard cosmology, and, in addition, are in accordance with the observed cosmological parameters. Our scenario presents an initial phase dominated by radiation, followed by a dust era long enough to permit structure formation, and by an epoch dominated by the cosmological term, which tends asymptotically to a de Sitter universe. Taking the matter density equals to half of the vacuum energy density, as suggested by observation, we obtain a universe age given by Ht = 1.1, and a decelerating parameter equals to -1/2.Comment: Accepted for publication in General Relativity and Gravitatio

Complementary action of chemical and electrical synapses to perception

Acknowledgements This study was possible by partial financial support from the following agencies: Fundação Araucária, EPSRC-EP/I032606/1, CNPq No. 441553/2014-1, CAPES No. 17656-12-5 and Science Without Borders Program— Process Nos. 17656125, 99999.010583/2013-00 and 245377/2012-3.Peer reviewedPostprin

Phytophagous insects and web-building spiders in relation to pasture vegetation complexity

Copyright © ECOGRAPHY 2001.We investigate the potential use of structural characteristics of vegetation as predictors of the densities of pasture arthropods in three Azorean islands. Two types of upland pastures, recent sown pastures (3-4 yr old) and wet semi-natural old pastures (>35 yr old), were studied in three Azorean islands (S. Maria, Terceira and Pico). Three arthropod assemblages, of particular importance in pasture habitats, were assessed: insect forb-feeders, insect grass-feeders and web-building spiders. These are numerically abundant and represent a range of feeding strategies. Point quadrates for plants and suction (Vortis) for arthropods were used as sampling methods. Several vegetation indices were investigated, but only three (cover abundance of perennial forbs, cover abundance of perennial grasses and the total vegetation alpha-diversity) were good predictors of invertebrate abundance. Vegetation structure, defined by a Height Index, was of minor predictive value. In sown and semi-natural pastureland, diverse and structurally complex pasture sites support more individual insect forb-feeders, grass-feeders and web-building spiders per unit area than less complex ones

Auditory Thalamus and Auditory Cortex Are Equally Modulated by Context during Flexible Categorization of Sounds

In a dynamic world, animals must adapt rapidly to changes in the meaning of environmental cues. Such changes can influence the neural representation of sensory stimuli. Previous studies have shown that associating a stimulus with a reward or punishment can modulate neural activity in the auditory cortex (AC) and its thalamic input, the medial geniculate body (MGB). However, it is not known whether changes in stimulus-action associations alone can also modulate neural responses in these areas. We designed a categorization task for rats in which the boundary that separated low- from high-frequency sounds varied several times within a behavioral session, thus allowing us to manipulate the action associated with some sounds without changing the associated reward. We developed a computational model that accounted for the rats' performance and compared predictions from this model with sound-evoked responses from single neurons in AC and MGB in animals performing this task. We found that the responses of 15% of AC neurons and 16% of MGB neurons were modulated by changes in stimulus-action association and that the magnitude of the modulation was comparable between the two brain areas. Our results suggest that the AC and thalamus play only a limited role in mediating changes in associations between acoustic stimuli and behavioral responses

Estimando la riqueza de especies de artrópodos en los pastizales de las Azores: eficacia de los métodos de succión y las trampas de caída

Se han investigado las ventajas del uso combinado de técnicas de succión (Vortis) y trampas de caída, a la hora de estimar la riqueza de especies de artrópodos en pastizales antrópicos y seminaturales de tres islas oceánicas de las Azores de origen geológico reciente. Se ha comprobado, además, la capacidad de las trampas de caída y de succión para describir la composición faunística y la riqueza de especies según distintos grupos taxonómicos y ecológicos. Teniendo en cuenta el porcentaje de especies colectado sobre el total estimado, ambas técnicas de muestreo resultaron fiables en lo que se refiere a su eficacia, ofreciendo buenas estimas de la riqueza de especies de artrópodos. Usando los dos métodos a la vez, se obtuvieron valores de eficacia cercanos al 90% para algunos grupos taxonómicos. Las técnicas de succión o de caída por separado fueron fiables para estimar la riqueza de especies de artrópodos predadores (todas las especies) y arañas. Sin embargo, ambas técnicas son necesarias para conseguir estimaciones fiables en el caso de los grupos herbívoros. En términos de presencia-ausencia, los grupos que se alimentan de savia, los chupadores y los herbívoros masticadores mostraron diferentes patrones, con una proporción de colecta más alta en los primeros mediante las técnicas de succión, mientras que la mayoría de las especies masticadoras se pudieron colectar mediante las trampas de caída. Un patrón similar fue obtenido en el caso de las arañas, en donde las especies tejedoras fueron colectadas solo gracias a las técnicas de succión, mientras que la mayoría del resto de las especies se capturaron gracias al uso de trampas de caída. Se concluye que estos dos métodos de colecta deben considerarse complementarios y no alternativos. Por tanto, en estudios realizados en pastizales y sistemas agrícolas, se recomienda el uso simultáneo de ambas técnicas a fin de obtener estimas fiables de la riqueza de especies y la composición taxonómica de artrópodos

Avaliação Económica de Ticagrelor em Prevenção Secundária Pós Síndroma Coronária Aguda

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To estimate the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of ticagrelor in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina or myocardial infarction with or without ST-segment elevation), including patients treated medically and those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: A short-term decision tree and a long-term Markov model were used to simulate the evolution of patients' life-cycles. Clinical effectiveness data were collected from the PLATO trial and resource use data were obtained from the Hospital de Santa Marta database, disease-related group legislation and the literature. RESULTS: Ticagrelor provides increases of 0.1276 life years and 0.1106 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) per patient. From a societal perspective these clinical gains entail an increase in expenditure of €610. Thus the incremental cost per life year saved is €4780 and the incremental cost per QALY is €5517. CONCLUSIONS: The simulation results show that ticagrelor reduces events compared to clopidogrel. The costs of ticagrelor are partially offset by lower costs arising from events prevented. The use of ticagrelor in clinical practice is therefore cost-effective compared to generic clopidogrel

Generalized partition functions and interpolating statistics

We show that the assumption of quasiperiodic boundary conditions (those that interpolate continuously periodic and antiperiodic conditions) in order to compute partition functions of relativistic particles in 2+1 space-time can be related with anyonic physics. In particular, in the low temperature limit, our result leads to the well known second virial coefficient for anyons. Besides, we also obtain the high temperature limit as well as the full temperature dependence of this coefficient.Comment: 12 pages, Latex, updated and enlarged versio