Modelagem estrutural para representação do sistema imunológico adaptativo humano utilizando Orientação a Objetos

O sistema imunológico adaptativo humano consiste em uma importante área de pesquisa por causa do seu papel na prevenção e tratamento de doenças. Em ciência da computação, este sistema pode ser utilizado para detecção de intrusos, reconhecimento de padrões e simulações de processos biológicos, como vacinas. Apesar de apresentar uma estrutura bem definida, a sua compreenção e modelagem para um pesquisador na área de computação é extremamente complexa. A fim de auxiliar no processo de análise e modelagem do desenvolvimento de um sistema imunológico adaptativo, este artigo apresenta uma modelagem estrutural que representa o sistema imunológico adaptativo humano através de orientação a objetos

Zika Virus Outbreak - Should assisted reproduction patients avoid pregnancy?

Objective: To discuss the requirement from the National Health Surveillance Agency(ANVISA), for assisted reproduction treatment patients to undergo laboratory tests for ZIKV detection, and if the public health authorities and government leaders' recommendations to women simply avoid pregnancy is prudent. Methods: This study was performed in a universityaffiliated in vitro fertilization center in Brazil. We present a critical discussion on the risk of microcephaly due to ZIKV infection and the prevalence of other harmful pathogens to vulnerable pregnant women and infants. We assessed, 954 patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles(ICSI), between April and November of 2016, concerning the results of ZIKV test, according to different regions in Brazil. Results: Patients undergoing ICSI cycles were split into groups, according to their region of origin: 28(3.0%) were from the North, 27(2.8%) were from the Northeast, 40(4.2%) were from the Midwest, 830(87.2%) were from the Southeast, and 29(3.0%) were from the South. Concerning the diagnosis, 112 samples had a positive or inconclusive result for ZIKV, by chromatography immunoassay. These samples were re-analyzed by ELISA and no result was positive. All positive results were from the Southeast region and none from the Northeast or Midwest regions, which are considered endemic regions. Conclusion: ZIKV test before the onset of assisted reproduction treatments does not rule out the risk of the infection during pregnancy. In addition, although ZIKV infection risk is extremely high, the microcephaly risk due to ZIKV is not higher than the risk of miscarriage and birth defects due to other recognized pathogens.Fertil Med Grp, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilCtr Estudos & Pesquisa Reprod Humana Assistida, Inst Sapientiae, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Cirurgia, Area Reprod Humana, Disciplina Urol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Cirurgia, Area Reprod Humana, Disciplina Urol, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Contributing factors for the incidence of aneuploidy in older patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles

Abstract Purpose To evaluate different factors that might affect the incidence of embryo aneuploidy in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles (ICSI). Methods One hundred and ninety ICSI cycles in conjunction with preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) were included. The influence of the following variables on the aneuploidy incidence was evaluated: (i) maternal and (ii) paternal ages, (iii) dose of FSH administered, (iv) dose of FSH per number of retrieved matured oocytes (FSH/MII), (v) serum 17β-oestradiol levels on the ovulation trigger day, (vi) aspirated follicles and (vii) retrieved oocytes. Results A total of 440 embryos were successfully biopsied, of which 240 were considered euploid and 200 were considered aneuploid. The paternal age (Slope: 0.2, p00.372), total dose of FSH (Slope: 0.2, p00.218), FSH/MII (Slope: 0.1, p00.296) and 17β-oestradiol levels (Slope: 0.2, p0 0.378) were not correlated with the presence of aneuploidy. However, the maternal age (Slope: 1.7, p<0.01), aspirated follicles (Slope: 1.9, p<0.01) and retrieved oocytes (Slope: 2.6, p<0.01) were negatively correlated with the incidence of aneuploidy. Conclusions Even in older patients, lower oocyte yields may represent a more appropriate response to ovarian stimulation, allowing the most competent follicles and oocytes to develop and thereby reducing the occurrence of embryo aneuploidy

Secretome of the preimplantation human embryo by bottom-up label-free proteomics

Abstract A bottom-up label-free mass spectrometric proteomic strategy was used to analyse the protein profiles of the human embryonic secretome. Culture media samples used for embryonic culture of patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles were selected as a test case for this exploratory proof-of-principle study. The media were stored after embryo transfer and then pooled into positive (n = 8) and negative (n =8) implantation groups. The absolute quantitative bottom-up technique employed a multidimensional protein identification technology based on separation by nano-ultra-high pressure chromatography and identification via tandem nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry with dataindependent scanning in a hydrid QqTOF mass spectrometer. By applying quantitative bottom-up proteomics, unique proteins were found exclusively in both the positive-and negative-implantation groups, which suggest that competent embryos express and secrete unique biomarker proteins into the surrounding culture medium. The selective monitoring of these possible secretome biomarkers could make viable procedures using singleembryo transfer

The Developmental Competence of Oocytes Retrieved from The Leading Follicle in Controlled Ovarian Stimulated Cycles

Abstract Background: This study compares the developmental capacity of gametes retrieved from the largest follicle with small follicles of a cohort in controlled ovarian stimulated cycles

Post-vasectomy semen analysis: Optimizing laboratory procedures and test interpretation through a clinical audit and global survey of practices

Purpose: The success of vasectomy is determined by the outcome of a post-vasectomy semen analysis (PVSA). This article describes a step-by-step procedure to perform PVSA accurately, report data from patients who underwent post vasectomy semen analysis between 2015 and 2021 experience, along with results from an international online survey on clinical practice. Materials and Methods: We present a detailed step-by-step protocol for performing and interpretating PVSA testing, along with recommendations for proficiency testing, competency assessment for performing PVSA, and clinical and laboratory scenarios. Moreover, we conducted an analysis of 1,114 PVSA performed at the Cleveland Clinic’s Andrology Laboratory and an online survey to understand clinician responses to the PVSA results in various countries. Results: Results from our clinical experience showed that 92.1% of patients passed PVSA, with 7.9% being further tested. A total of 78 experts from 19 countries participated in the survey, and the majority reported to use time from vasectomy rather than the number of ejaculations as criterion to request PVSA. A high percentage of responders reported permitting unprotected intercourse only if PVSA samples show azoospermia while, in the presence of few non-motile sperm, the majority of responders suggested using alternative contraception, followed by another PVSA. In the presence of motile sperm, the majority of participants asked for further PVSA testing. Repeat vasectomy was mainly recommended if motile sperm were observed after multiple PVSA’s. A large percentage reported to recommend a second PVSA due to the possibility of legal actions. Conclusions: Our results highlighted varying clinical practices around the globe, with controversy over the significance of non-motile sperm in the PVSA sample. Our data suggest that less stringent AUA guidelines would help improve test compliance. A large longitudinal multi-center study would clarify various doubts related to timing and interpretation of PVSA and would also help us to understand, and perhaps predict, recanalization and the potential for future failure of a vasectomy.American Center for Reproductive Medicin