484 research outputs found

    Paradoxes in Evaluating Mental Health Programmes

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    Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67041/2/10.1177_002076405900500207.pd

    Inhalation of Microplastics - A Toxicological Complexity.

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    Humans are chronically exposed to airborne microplastics (MPs) by inhalation. Various types of polymer particles have been detected in lung samples, which could pose a threat to human health. Inhalation toxicological studies are crucial for assessing the effects of airborne MPs and for exposure-reduction measures. This communication paper addresses important health concerns related to MPs, taking into consideration three levels of complexity, i.e., the particles themselves, the additives present in the plastics, and the exogenous substances adsorbed onto them. This approach aims to obtain a comprehensive toxicological profile of deposited MPs in the lungs, encompassing local and systemic effects. The physicochemical characteristics of MPs may play a pivotal role in lung toxicity. Although evidence suggests toxic effects of MPs in animal and cell models, no established causal link with pulmonary or systemic diseases in humans has been established. The transfer of MPs and associated chemicals from the lungs into the bloodstream and/or pulmonary circulation remains to be confirmed in humans. Understanding the toxicity of MPs requires a multidisciplinary investigation using a One Health approach

    Ecotoxicological approaches to assess the long-term effects of four anticancer drugs and metabolites on Daphnia pulex

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    The aquatic environment is exposed continuously and increasingly to chemical substances such as pharmaceuticals. These medical compounds are released into the environment after having being consumed and body-excreted by patients. Pharmaceutical residues are synthetic molecules that are not always removed by traditional sewage treatment processes and thus escape degradation. Among pharmaceuticals that escape sewage treatment plants (STPs), the anticancer drugs were measured in STP effluents and natural waters. In the aquatic environment, their long-term effects at low concentrations are sparsely known on non-target species. Tamoxifen is an anticancer drug that is widely prescribed worldwide for the prevention and treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. Two of its metabolites, i.e., endoxifen and 4-hydroxy- tamoxifen (4OHTam), have high pharmacological potency in vivo and such as tamoxifen, they are excreted via faeces by patients. Tamoxifen was measured in STP effluents and natural waters but, to the best of our knowledge, its metabolites concentrations in waters have never been reported. Imatinib is another and recent anticancer compound that targets specific tumour cells. This pharmaceutical is also body excreted and because of its increasing use in cancer treatment, imatinib may reach the natural water. The effects of tamoxifen and imatinib are unknown upon more than one generation of aquatic species. And the effects of 4OHTam, endoxifen have never been studied in ecotoxicology so far. The aims of this thesis were threefold. First, the sensitivity of D. pulex exposed to tamoxifen, 4OHTam, endoxifen or imatinib was assessed using ecotoxicological experiments. Ecotoxicology is the science that considers the toxic effects of natural or synthetic substances, such as pharmaceuticals, on organisms, populations, community and ecosystem. Acute and multigenerational (2-4 generations) tests were performed on daphnids considering several studied endpoints, such as immobilisation, size, reproduction, viability and intrinsic rate of natural increase. Additional prospective assays were designed to evaluate whether 1) low concentrations of tamoxifen and 4OHTam were able to induce toxic effects when used in combination, and 2) daphnids were able to recover when offspring were withdrawn from solutions carrying the pharmaceutical. Second, the stability of tamoxifen, 4OHTam and endoxifen in incubation medium was evaluated in solution exempted from daphnids. Because the nominal concentrations of tamoxifen, 4OHTam and endoxifen did not correspond to the measured, we provide a predictive method to estimate the concentrations of these chemicals during long-term ecotoxicological tests. Finally, changes in protein expressions were analysed in D. pulex exposed 2 or 7 seven days to tamoxifen using ecotoxicoproteomic experiments with a shot-gun approach inducing a peptide fractionation step. Our results show that tamoxifen, 4OHTam and endoxifen induced adverse effects in D. pulex at environmentally relevant concentrations. At very low concentrations, these molecules displayed unusual and teratogenic effects because morphological abnormalities were observed in offspring, such as thick and short antennas, curved spines, premature neonates and aborted eggs. Tamoxifen was the most toxic compound among the test chemicals, followed by 4OHTam, endoxifen and imatinib. Tamoxifen no-observed effect concentrations (NOECs) that were calculated for size, reproduction and intrinsic rate were below or in the range of the concentrations measured in natural waters, i.e., between 0.12 ”g/L and 0.67 ”g/L. For instance, the tamoxifen NOECs that were calculated for reproduction were between 0.67 and 0.72 ”g/L, whereas the NOEC was < 0.15 ”g/L when based on morphological abnormalities. The NOECs of 4OHTam were higher but still in the same order of magnitude as tamoxifen environmental concentrations, with a value of 1.48 ”g/L. Endoxifen NOEC for the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) and the reproduction were 0.4 and 4.3 ”g/L, respectively. Daphnids that were withdrawn from tamoxifen and 4OHTam were not able to recover. Also, the reproduction of D. pulex was reduced when the treated animals were exposed to the combination of tamoxifen and 4OHTam while no effects were observed when these chemicals were tested individually at the same concentration. Among the anticancer drugs that were tested during this thesis, imatinib was the less toxic molecule towards D. pulex. No effects on size and reproduction were observed within two generations, except for the first whose reproduction decreased at the highest test concentration, i.e., 626 ”g/L. Our results also underline the need to use measured or predicted concentrations instead of the nominal during aquatic experiments, particularly when lipophilic molecules are tested. Indeed, notable differences between nominal (i.e., theoretical) and measured concentrations were found with tamoxifen, 4OHTam and endoxifen at all test concentrations. A cost and time sustainable method was proposed to predict the test exposure levels of these chemicals during long-term experiments. This predictive method was efficient particularly for low concentrations, which corresponded to the test concentrations in multigenerational tests. In the ecotoxicoproteomic experiments a total of 3940 proteins were identified and quantified in D. pulex exposed to tamoxifen. These results are currently the largest dataset from D. pulex that is published and the results of proteomic analyses are available for the scientific community. Among these 3940 proteins, 189 were significantly different from controls. After protein annotation, we assumed that treated daphnids with tamoxifen had shifted cost-energy functions, such as reproduction, to maintain their basic metabolism necessary to survive. This metabolic cost hypothesis was supported by the presence of proteins involved in oxidative stress. Biomarkers for early detection of tamoxifen harmful effects on D. pulex were not discovered but the proteins of the vitellogenin-2 family (E9H8K5) and the ryanodine receptor (E9FTU9) are promising potential biomarkers because their expression was already modified after 2 days of treatment. In this thesis, the effects of tamoxifen, 4OHTam and endoxifen on daphnids raise questions about the potential impact of tamoxifen and 4OHTam in other aquatic ecosystems, and therefore, about metabolites in ecotoxicology. Because the NOECs were environmentally relevant, these results suggest that tamoxifen and 4OHTam may be interesting pharmaceuticals to consider in risk assessment. Our findings also emphasize the importance of performing long-term experiments and of considering multi-endpoints instead of the standard reproductive endpoint. Finally, we open the discussion about the importance to measure test exposures or not, during ecotoxicological studies. -- Les milieux aquatiques sont exposĂ©s continuellement Ă  un nombre croissant de substances chimiques, notamment les mĂ©dicaments issus de la mĂ©decine vĂ©tĂ©rinaire et humaine. Chez les patients, les substances administrĂ©es sont utilisĂ©es par le corps avant d'ĂȘtre Ă©liminĂ©es par l'intermĂ©diaire des excrĂ©tas dans le systĂšme d'eaux usĂ©es de la ville. Ces eaux rejoignent ensuite une station de traitement afin d'y Ă©liminer les dĂ©chets. Dans le cas des molĂ©cules chimiques, il arrive que les processus de traitement d'eaux usĂ©es ne soient pas suffisamment efficaces et que ces molĂ©cules ne soient pas dĂ©gradĂ©es. Elles sont alors libĂ©rĂ©es dans le milieu aquatique avec les effluents de la station d'Ă©puration. Une fois dans l'environnement, ces rĂ©sidus de mĂ©dicaments sont susceptibles d'induire des effets sur la faune et la flore aquatique, dont les consĂ©quences Ă  long terme et Ă  faibles concentrations sont peu connues. Les anticancĂ©reux sont une famille de mĂ©dicaments qui peuvent Ă©chapper aux traitements des stations d'Ă©puration et qui sont retrouvĂ©es dans le milieu aquatique naturel. Parmi ces substances, le tamoxifen est une molĂ©cule utilisĂ©e dans le monde entier pour prĂ©venir et traiter les cancers hormonaux dĂ©pendant du sein, notamment. Une fois ingĂ©rĂ©, le tamoxifen est transformĂ© par le foie en mĂ©tabolites dont deux d'entre eux, le 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4OHTam) et l'endoxifen, possĂšdent un affinitĂ© pour les rĂ©cepteurs aux estrogĂšnes et une efficacitĂ© sur les cellules tumorales supĂ©rieure au tamoxifen lui- mĂȘme. Tout comme la molĂ©cule mĂšre, ces mĂ©tabolites sont principalement Ă©liminĂ©s par l'intermĂ©diaire des fĂšces. Le tamoxifen a dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ© dans les effluents de stations d'Ă©puration et dans les eaux naturelles, mais aucune valeur n'a Ă©tĂ© reportĂ©e pour ses mĂ©tabolites jusqu'Ă  prĂ©sent. Un autre anticancĂ©reux, Ă©galement Ă©liminĂ© par voie biliaire et susceptible d'atteindre l'environnement, est l'imatinib. Cette rĂ©cente molĂ©cule a rĂ©volutionnĂ© le traitement et la survie des patients souffrant de leucĂ©mie myĂ©loĂŻde chronique et de tumeur stromales gastrointestinales. Les effets du tamoxifen et de l'imatinib sur plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations d'organismes aquatiques, tels que les microcrustacĂ©s Daphnia, sont inconnus et le 4OHTam et l'endoxifen n'ont mĂȘme jamais Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s en Ă©cotoxicologie. Cette thĂšse s'est articulĂ©e autour de trois objectifs principaux. PremiĂšrement, la sensibilitĂ© des D. pulex exposĂ©s au tamoxifen, 4OHTam, endoxifen et imatinib a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e par l'intermĂ©diaire de tests aigus et de tests sur deux Ă  quatre gĂ©nĂ©rations. La mobilitĂ©, la taille, la reproduction, la viabilitĂ© et la croissance potentielle de la population ont Ă©tĂ© relevĂ©es au cours de ces expĂ©riences. Des tests supplĂ©mentaires, Ă  but prospectifs, ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s afin d'Ă©valuer 1) la capacitĂ© de rĂ©cupĂ©ration des daphnies, lorsque leurs descendants ont Ă©tĂ© placĂ©s dans un milieu exemptĂ© de tamoxifen ou de 4OHTam, 2) les effets chez les daphnies exposĂ©es Ă  une solution contenant de faibles concentration de tamoxifen et de 4OHTam mĂ©langĂ©s. Le deuxiĂšme objectif a Ă©tĂ© d'Ă©valuer la stabilitĂ© du tamoxifen, 4OHTam et endoxifen diluĂ© dans le milieu des daphnies. AprĂšs analyses, les concentrations mesurĂ©es ne correspondaient pas aux concentrations nominales (c.-Ă -d., thĂ©oriques) et il a Ă©tĂ© nĂ©cessaire de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thode efficace de prĂ©diction des niveaux d'exposition lors de tests de longue durĂ©e rĂ©alisĂ©s avec ces trois molĂ©cules. Finalement, des changements dans l'expression des protĂ©ines chez des daphnies exposĂ©es au tamoxifen ont Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ©s par l'intermĂ©diaire d'expĂ©riences Ă©cotoxicoprotĂ©omiques avec une approche dite de shot-gun avec une Ă©tape de fractionnement des protĂ©ines. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus dans cette thĂšse montrent que le tamoxifen, le 4OHTam et l'endoxifen induisent des effets indĂ©sirables chez les daphnies Ă  des niveaux d'exposition proches ou identiques aux concentrations du tamoxifen mesurĂ©es dans l'environnement, c'est-Ă -dire 0.12 et 0.67 ”g/L de tamoxifen. Ces molĂ©cules ont induit des effets inhabituels tels que la production de : nouveau-nĂ©s anormaux, avec des antennes et des queues dĂ©formĂ©es, des prĂ©maturĂ©s et des oeufs avortĂ©s. Le tamoxifen fut la molĂ©cule la plus toxique pour les D. pulex suivie du 4OHTam, de l'endoxifen et enfin de l'imatinib. Lors des expĂ©riences sur plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations, les concentrations n'ayant statistiquement pas d'effet (c.Ă .d. NOEC en anglais) sur la taille, la reproduction et la croissance intrinsĂšque de la population Ă©taient du mĂȘme ordre de grandeur que les concentrations environnementales du tamoxifen. Par exemple, les NOECs du tamoxifen calculĂ©es pour la reproduction Ă©taient de 0.67 et 0.72 ”g/L, tandis que celle calculĂ©e sur la base des anomalies chez les nouveau-nĂ©s Ă©tait < 0.15 ”g/L. Les NOECs du 4OHTam se situaient entre 0.16 et 1.48 ”g/L et celles de l'endoxifen pour la croissance intrinsĂšque de la population, ainsi que pour la reproduction, Ă©taient de 0.4 et 4.3 ”g/L, respectivement. Dans l'expĂ©rience basĂ©e sur la rĂ©cupĂ©ration des daphnies, la taille et la reproduction ont diminuĂ© bien que la descendance fĂ»t placĂ©e dans un milieu sans substances chimiques. Les daphnies exposĂ©es au mĂ©lange de tamoxifen et de 4OHTam ont produit moins de nouveau-nĂ©s que les contrĂŽles, alors que ces concentrations n'ont pas induit d'effets lorsque testĂ©es individuellement. Finalement, l'imatinib n'a pas montrĂ© d'effets sur les deux gĂ©nĂ©rations testĂ©es. Seule la premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration exposĂ©e Ă  la plus haute concentration (626 ”g/L) a montrĂ© une diminution de la reproduction. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus lors de l'Ă©valuation de la stabilitĂ© du tamoxifen, 4OHTam et endoxifen dans le milieu des daphnies ont soulignĂ© l'importance d'utiliser des concentrations mesurĂ©es ou prĂ©dites en Ă©cotoxicologie. En effet, des diffĂ©rences notables entre concentrations nominales et mesurĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es Ă  toutes les concentrations et l'hypothĂšse d'un phĂ©nomĂšne d'adsorption sur le verre des rĂ©cipients a Ă©tĂ© posĂ©e. De ce fait, il a Ă©tĂ© nĂ©cessaire d'Ă©laborer une mĂ©thode prĂ©dictive efficace et acceptable, en terme de temps et de coĂ»ts. Une rĂ©gression polynomiale basĂ©e sur des concentrations mesurĂ©es et nominales a permis de prĂ©dire avec efficacitĂ© les faibles niveaux d'exposition utilisĂ©s lors d'expĂ©riences Ă©cotoxicologiques Ă  long terme, sur plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations. Suite aux expĂ©riences d'Ă©cotoxicoprotĂ©omiques, un total de 3940 protĂ©ines ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es et quantifiĂ©es chez des daphnies exposĂ©es au tamoxifen. Ce nombre est actuellement la plus large sĂ©rie de donnĂ©es publiĂ©es et mises Ă  disposition pour la communautĂ© scientifique. Parmi ces protĂ©ines, 189 sont significatives et possiblement reliĂ©es Ă  des processus de reproduction et de stress. Sur cette base, nous avons Ă©mis l'hypothĂšse que les individus subissant un stress, liĂ© Ă  l'exposition au tamoxifen, ont utilisĂ© leur Ă©nergie de base pour favoriser leur survie plutĂŽt que la reproduction. Enfin, la dĂ©termination de bio-marqueurs exprimant des dommages prĂ©coces des daphnies exposĂ©es au tamoxifen n'a pas abouti en tant que telle, mais des protĂ©ines prometteuses, telle que la famille de viellogenin-2 (E9H8K5) et le rĂ©cepteur Ă  la ryanodine (E9FTU9), ont Ă©tĂ© exprimĂ©es aprĂšs deux jours d'exposition dĂ©jĂ . Ces protĂ©ines pourraient faire l'objet d'investigations Ă©cotoxicoprotĂ©omiques futures. Les rĂ©sultats de cette thĂšse posent certaines questions quant au risque du tamoxifen, du 4OHTam et de l'endoxifen sur la faune et la flore aquatique et plus particuliĂšrement sur les anticancĂ©reux prĂ©sents dans l'environnement. Les effets toxiques de ces molĂ©cules ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s Ă  des concentrations environnementales et sur plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations. La question de considĂ©rer les mĂ©tabolites, et ainsi les pro-mĂ©dicaments, en Ă©cotoxicologie est soulevĂ©e, notamment parce que ces molĂ©cules peuvent ĂȘtre plus actives et efficaces que la molĂ©cule mĂšre. Les expĂ©riences chroniques, sur plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations sont Ă©galement Ă  favoriser car elles offrent un meilleur reflet de la rĂ©alitĂ© environnementale que des essais aigus ou d'une gĂ©nĂ©ration. L'utilisation de la protĂ©omique permet d'agrandir les connaissances sur les effets des mĂ©dicaments Ă  un niveau infĂ©rieur de l'organisation biologique et ainsi, de mieux comprendre de potentiels mĂ©canismes d'action ou de dĂ©terminer de potentiels biomarqueurs. Finalement, il semble important de discuter de l'opportunitĂ© de mesurer les concentrations qui sont testĂ©es en Ă©cotoxicologie afin de ne pas sous-estimer le risque pour la faune et la flore aquatique

    External Validity and Evaluation Research: A Codification of Problems

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    This paper delimits and explicates threats to external validity particularly problematic in evaluation research. Five categories of factors are discussed: selection effects, measurement effects, confounded treatment effects, situational effects, and effects due to differential mortality. The paper focuses on pointing up specific ways in which each of the factors threaten generalizability and possible solutions to the methodological problems presented

    Hematological variations in healthy participants exposed 2 h to propylene glycol ethers under controlled conditions.

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    Glycol ethers are solvents used in a plethora of occupational and household products exposing the users to potential toxic effects. Several glycol ethers derived from ethylene glycol induce hematological toxicity, such as anemia in workers. The exposure effects on blood cells of glycol ethers derived from propylene glycol are unknown in humans. The aim of our study was to evaluate blood parameters indicative of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis and oxidative stress in participants exposed to propylene glycol (propylene glycol monobutyl ether (PGBE) and propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME)), two extensively used propylene glycol derivatives worldwide. Seventeen participants were exposed 2 h in a control inhalation exposure chamber to low PGME (35 ppm) and PGBE (15 ppm) air concentrations. Blood was regularly collected before, during (15, 30, 60, and 120 min), and 60 min after exposure for RBC and oxidative stress analyses. Urine was also collected for clinical effects related to hemolysis. Under the study conditions, our results showed that the blood parameters such as RBCs, hemoglobin concentration, and white blood cells tended to increase in response to PGME and PGBE exposures. These results raise questions about the possible effects in people regularly exposed to higher concentrations, such as workers

    Toxicity of Tamoxifen on Daphnia pulex

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    Daphnia pulex is a water flea considered an environmental indicator species. In this experiment we exposed Daphnia to Tamoxifen in low or high concentrations, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide with water, and we measured the amount of proteins at day 2 and 7. With the R package maSigPro we selected proteins changing significantly over time among the four experimental groups and we developed a cluster analysis for the behavior of profiles over time, to understand which and how these specific proteins change according to the treatment received. The information obtained from this study represents an important first step towards characterizing patterns specific to environmental contaminants

    Photochemistry of Nitrate Chemisorbed on Various Metal Oxide Surfaces

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    Atmospheric aerosols are known to provide an important surface for gas–solid interfaces that can lead to heterogeneous reactions impacting tropospheric chemistry. In this work, α-Fe2O3, TiO2, Îł-Al2O3, SiO2 and ZnO, common components of atmospheric aerosols, served as models to investigate the gas–solid interface of nitric acid with aerosols in the presence of simulated solar radiation. Adsorbed nitrate and gaseous products can be continuously monitored with infrared spectroscopy (IR). Kinetic studies of adsorbed species were carried out using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Ex situ simultaneous infrared spectroscopy of gas-phase products using a 2 m long path cell allowed the detection of gaseous products at early stages of the heterogeneous photochemical reaction. In addition, photoactive gaseous products, such as HONO, were detected as gas analysis was carried out outside the region of irradiation. All reactions were found to be first order with respect to adsorbed nitric acid and yielded gas-phase products such as NO, NO2, N2O4, N2O, and HONO. While the correlation between semiconductor properties of the metal oxide and the heterogeneous photochemical rate constant (j) is not direct, the semiconductor properties were found to play a role in the formation of relatively high proportions of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O)

    How to sustain entrepreneurial performance during the current financial crisis

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    In a debt-ridden society that badly needs to grow economically, policies controlling the flows of economic accounts (revenues and expenditures) should be consistent with an efficient “asset and liability management”. The extra money obtained from immediate sales of idle or low-productive government properties can boost economic growth if lent to innovative entrepreneurial firms
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