宗教中立的理想

International audienceThis article deals with the French norms applicable to the expressions of religious affiliations based on the example of the legal conflict between a nursery and one of its employees. This synthesis of the judicial event questions the place of religious freedom within the company and, more generally, that of Islam in society. Can an employee working in a private nursery demand, in contrast with the rules of procedure of that company, to wear the Islamic veil during the course of her activity and thus express her religious beliefs?The first part illustrates the complex process of building a typology of the nature of the services and of the natural and legal persons to which the principle of secularism applies. The second part shows that the right to expression and religious belief can only be realized in a constant search for balance. In addition, the legal analysis of the principle of secularism reveals the historical and sociological conditioning forces that shape it.Este artículo trata de la normativa francesa aplicable a la manifestación de las expresiones de carácter religioso a partir del ejemplo del conflicto jurídico que oponía una guardería a una de sus trabajadoras. Esta síntesis del acontecimiento judicial cuestiona el espacio que se deje a la libertad religiosa en la empresa y, más en general, la del islam en la sociedad. ¿Puede exigir, una empleada que trabaja en una guardería privada, en contra del reglamento interno de dicha institución, que se le permita llevar el velo islámico durante el ejercicio de su actividad y así manifestar sus convicciones religiosas?La primera parte ilustra el complejo proceso de construcción de una tipología de la naturaleza de los servicios y de las personas físicas y jurídicas a las que se aplica el principio de laicidad. La segunda parte muestra que el derecho a la expresión y a las convicciones religiosas solo puede realizarse en una búsqueda constante de equilibrio. Complementariamente, el análisis jurídico del principio de laicidad revela las fuerzas de condicionamiento histórico y sociológico que lo modelan.Cet article traite de la réglementation française applicable à la manifestation des appartenances religieuses à partir de l’exemple du conflit juridique qui opposa une crèche à l’une de ses salariées. Cette synthèse de l’évènement judiciaire interroge la place laissée à la liberté religieuse dans l’entreprise et, plus généralement, celle de l’islam dans la société. Une salariée travaillant dans une crèche privée peut-elle exiger, en opposition avec le règlement intérieur dudit établissement, de pouvoir porter le voile islamique pendant l’exercice de son activité et ainsi de manifester ses convictions religieuses ?La première partie illustre le complexe processus d’édification d’une typologie de la nature des services et des personnes physiques et morales auxquelles s’applique le principe de laïcité. La seconde partie montre que le droit à l’expression et aux convictions religieuses ne peut se réaliser que dans une constante recherche d’équilibre. De manière complémentaire, l’analyse juridique du principe de laïcité révèle les forces de conditionnement historiques et sociologiques qui le façonnent.该条从托儿所与女雇员之间的法律冲突的案例出发，论述了法国关于显示宗教归属外在信息方面的规定。对这个司法案例的综合分析质疑了宗教自由在企业中的地位，更笼统地说，也质疑伊斯兰教在社会中的地位。在私营托儿所工作的女雇员是否可以要求，与该机构的内部规则相反，在工作期间戴着伊斯兰面纱，从而表明其宗教信仰？第一部分说明了建立适用世俗主义原则的服务、自然人和法人性质分类的复杂过程。第二部分表明，表达和信仰宗教的权利只能在不断寻求平衡的情况下实现。另外，对政教分离原则的法律分析揭示了塑造世俗原则的历史和社会学限制因素的力量

欧洲公民运动

International audienceThis article summarizes the international interdisciplinary study day (law, economics, sociology, psychology, geography) entitled "Building European Citizenship", organized on 23 November 2012 at the University of Toulouse 1 Capitole. The dialog between the different disciplines, by going beyond their conceptual compartmentalisations, has made it possible to clarify the historical scope of the concept of European citizenship. The first part deals with the process of building European citizenship and the relations between citizens and the institutions of the European Union. The second part states that Europe’s place on the international scene draws its strength from its founding myths and its economic and geopolitical characteristics.Este artículo propone una síntesis de la jornada de estudio interdisciplinario internacional (Derecho, economía, sociología, psicología, geografía) intitulado "Construir la ciudadanía europea", organizada el 23 de noviembre de 2012 en la Universidad de Toulouse 1 Capitole. El diálogo entre las distintas disciplinas, superando sus divisiones conceptuales, ha permitido precisar los contornos históricos del concepto de ciudadanía europea. La primera parte trata del proceso de construcción de la ciudadanía europea y de las relaciones que mantienen los ciudadanos con las instituciones de la Unión Europea. La segunda parte precisa que la posición que ocupa Europa en la escena internacional se basa en sus mitos fundadores y sus características económicas y geopolíticas.Cet article propose une synthèse de la journée d’étude interdisciplinaire internationale (droit, économie, sociologie, psychologie, géographie) intitulée « Construire la citoyenneté européenne », organisée le 23 novembre 2012 à l’université Toulouse 1 Capitole. Le dialogue entre les différentes disciplines, en dépassant leurs cloisons conceptuelles, a permis de préciser les contours historiques du concept de citoyenneté européenne. La première partie traite du processus de construction de la citoyenneté européenne et des relations qu’entretiennent les citoyens avec les institutions de l’Union européenne. La seconde partie précise que la place occupée par l’Europe sur la scène internationale puise ses forces dans ses mythes fondateurs et ses caractéristiques économiques et géopolitiques.该文概述了2012年11月23日在图卢兹第一大学举办的题为“建立欧洲公民”的跨学科（法律、经济学、社会学、心理学、地理学）研讨会的主要内容。不同学科之间的对话超越了各自封闭的概念上的界限，了欧洲公民概念在不同历史发展过程中的界定。第一部分论述了建立欧洲公民身份的进程以及公民与欧洲联盟各机构之间的关系。第二部分明确了欧洲在国际舞台上的地位得益于其创始神话以及经济和地缘政治特点

Rhizome Blues: Introducing Document Teratology

The aim of this paper is to defend a richer theoretical understanding of what we call monsters, and to argue for the development of document teratology, which we see as an important scientific issue for documentology. We start from the premise that the default state of communication is incommunication, and that documentation, developed to counter this, seems to have become overwhelmed from the inside by its own problematic development. We then discuss the opportunity of a document teratology, based on nuanced description of what the word monster means. We describe two strong imperatives, monstration and categorisation, and the tension between them. We show that monsters are a product of modernity, and not pure aberrations. We suggest some metaphorical monsters from literary or scientific works to be used as tools of theoretical and practical work in the context of documentology. Finally, we reassess the rhizome as a model and suggest replacing with the stolon, more appropriate in some case

Arrest of mammalian fibroblasts in G1 in response to actin inhibition is dependent on retinoblastoma pocket proteins but not on p53

p53 and the retinoblastoma (RB) pocket proteins are central to the control of progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The RB pocket protein family is downstream of p53 and controls S-phase entry. Disruption of actin assembly arrests nontransformed mammalian fibroblasts in G1. We show that this arrest requires intact RB pocket protein function, but surprisingly does not require p53. Thus, mammalian fibroblasts with normal pocket protein function reversibly arrest in G1 on exposure to actin inhibitors regardless of their p53 status. By contrast, pocket protein triple knockout mouse embryo fibroblasts and T antigen–transformed rat embryo fibroblasts lacking both p53 and RB pocket protein function do not arrest in G1. Fibroblasts are very sensitive to actin inhibition in G1 and arrest at drug concentrations that do not affect cell adhesion or cell cleavage. Interestingly, G1 arrest is accompanied by inhibition of surface ruffling and by induction of NF2/merlin. The combination of failure of G1 control and of tetraploid checkpoint control can cause RB pocket protein–suppressed cells to rapidly become aneuploid and die after exposure to actin inhibitors, whereas pocket protein–competent cells are spared. Our results thus establish that RB pocket proteins can be uniquely targeted for tumor chemotherapy

Structures spécifiques des peuplements de rongeurs d'agro-écosystèmes et d'écosystèmes « naturels » de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique

The Muridae rodent community of Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies) includes 3 alien species: the Ship Rat (Rattus rattus), the Norwegian Rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the House Mouse (Mus musculus). A 26,740 trap-night effort conducted under standardized sampling methods showed a strong heterogeneity of the species frequency distribution among 4 agricultural ecosystems (sugar cane, banana, cassava and watermelon) and 3 "natural" ones (tropical rain forest and islands or islets covered either totally or partially by a dry vegetation). A second step of the analysis conducted at a smaller space scale, from the surrounding ecosystems of the cultivated areas to the inside of these ones, gave the same result. The House Mouse constituted the majority of the captures in the agricultural ecosystems (56% for the total and 84% for sugar cane specifically). This species is well represented inside the cultivated area and poorly outside. The Ship Rat is well represented in the "savannah" and "thorn-scrub", and in tropical rain forest, habitats that surround sugar cane and banana fields respectively. Statistically less numerous than the others, the Norwegian Rat was nevertheless well represented in the cultivated area devoted to watermelon and cassava, and concentrated in the field margins. The build-up and the optimisation of strategies for controlling the alien rodents in tropical islands are discussed in relation to these results. The build-up of sampling strategies to evaluate epidemiological and environmental risks due to these alien rodents is also discussed. This last discussion was done in the light of a new result showing that 57% of sampled Guadeloupe House Mice hosted Leptospira interrogans on their kidneysLe peuplement de rongeurs muridés de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique est constitué de 3 espèces allochtones, le Rat noir (Rattus rattus), le Rat surmulot (Rattus norvegicus) et la Souris domestique (Mus musculus). Un effort d'échantillonnage standardisé de 26 740 nuits-pièges a permis de mettre en évidence une grande hétérogénéité de la distribution de ces espèces au sein d'un ensemble de 4 agro-écosystèmes (canne à sucre, banane, manioc et pastèque) et de 3 écosystèmes naturels (forêt tropicale humide et 2 types d'îles ou îlots à végétation xérophile). Une analyse des résultats, conduite à une échelle spatiale plus fine, depuis les milieux encaissant les parcelles cultivées jusque dans celles-ci, aboutit à la même conclusion. Les Souris domestiques constituent la majorité des captures réalisées sur l'ensemble des agro-écosystèmes étudiés (56 % pour l'ensemble et jusqu'à 84 % pour les agro-écosystèmes canniers). L'espèce est fortement représentée au sein des parcelles cultivées et faiblement dans les milieux encaissants. Le Rat noir est fortement représenté dans les savanes et formations d'épineux d'une part, et la forêt tropicale humide d'autre part, ces milieux constituant respectivement l'environnement immédiat des champs de canne et des bananeraies. Le Surmulot, significativement moins abondant que les espèces précédentes, est cependant bien représenté dans les agro-écosystèmes consacrés aux cultures vivrières et se concentre dans l'écotone que constitue la marge des parcelles cultivées. Ces résultats induisent une réflexion sur l'optimisation des stratégies de lutte anti-rongeurs en vigueur, d'une part, et des stratégies d'échantillonnage destinées à évaluer des risques épidémiologiques ou environnementaux en rapport avec la présence de ces rongeurs, d'autre part. Ils sont discutés en relation avec la mise en évidence récente du portage rénal de Leptospira interrogans par 57 % des souris d'un échantillon collecté à la Guadeloupe

The ID23-2 structural biology microfocus beamline at the ESRF

Beamline ID23-2, the first dedicated and highly automated high-throughput monochromatic macromolecular crystallography microfocus beamline, is described

Care after pancreatic resection according to an algorithm for early detection and minimally invasive management of pancreatic fistula versus current practice (PORSCH-trial):design and rationale of a nationwide stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial

Background: Pancreatic resection is a major abdominal operation with 50% risk of postoperative complications. A common complication is pancreatic fistula, which may have severe clinical consequences such as postoperative bleeding, organ failure and death. The objective of this study is to investigate whether implementation of an algorithm for early detection and minimally invasive management of pancreatic fistula may improve outcomes after pancreatic resection. Methods: This is a nationwide stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized, superiority trial, designed in adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. During a period of 22 months, all Dutch centers performing pancreatic surgery will cross over in a randomized order from current practice to best practice according to the algorithm. This evidence-based and consensus-based algorithm will provide daily multilevel advice on the management of patients after pancreatic resection (i.e. indication for abdominal imaging, antibiotic treatment, percutaneous drainage and removal of abdominal drains). The algorithm is designed to aid early detection and minimally invasive step-up management of postoperative pancreatic fistula. Outcomes of current practice will be compared with outcomes after implementation of the algorithm. The primary outcome is a composite of major complications (i.e. post-pancreatectomy bleeding, new-onset organ failure and death) and will be measured in a sample size of at least 1600 patients undergoing pancreatic resection. Secondary endpoints include the individual components of the primary endpoint and other clinical outcomes, healthcare resource utilization and costs analysis. Follow up will be up to 90 days after pancreatic resection. Discussion: It is hypothesized that a structured nationwide implementation of a dedicated algorithm for early detection and minimally invasive step-up management of postoperative pancreatic fistula will reduce the risk of major complications and death after pancreatic resection, as compared to current practice. Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register: NL 6671. Registered on 16 December 2017

IRGM Is a Common Target of RNA Viruses that Subvert the Autophagy Network

Autophagy is a conserved degradative pathway used as a host defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. However, several viruses can evade or subvert autophagy to insure their own replication. Nevertheless, the molecular details of viral interaction with autophagy remain largely unknown. We have determined the ability of 83 proteins of several families of RNA viruses (Paramyxoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Retroviridae and Togaviridae), to interact with 44 human autophagy-associated proteins using yeast two-hybrid and bioinformatic analysis. We found that the autophagy network is highly targeted by RNA viruses. Although central to autophagy, targeted proteins have also a high number of connections with proteins of other cellular functions. Interestingly, immunity-associated GTPase family M (IRGM), the most targeted protein, was found to interact with the autophagy-associated proteins ATG5, ATG10, MAP1CL3C and SH3GLB1. Strikingly, reduction of IRGM expression using small interfering RNA impairs both Measles virus (MeV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-induced autophagy and viral particle production. Moreover we found that the expression of IRGM-interacting MeV-C, HCV-NS3 or HIV-NEF proteins per se is sufficient to induce autophagy, through an IRGM dependent pathway. Our work reveals an unexpected role of IRGM in virus-induced autophagy and suggests that several different families of RNA viruses may use common strategies to manipulate autophagy to improve viral infectivity

Care after pancreatic resection according to an algorithm for early detection and minimally invasive management of pancreatic fistula versus current practice (PORSCH-trial): design and rationale of a nationwide stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic resection is a major abdominal operation with 50% risk of postoperative complications. A common complication is pancreatic fistula, which may have severe clinical consequences such as postoperative bleeding, organ failure and death. The objective of this study is to investigate whether implementation of an algorithm for early detection and minimally invasive management of pancreatic fistula may improve outcomes after pancreatic resection. METHODS: This is a nationwide stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized, superiority trial, designed in adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. During a period of 22 months, all Dutch centers performing pancreatic surgery will cross over in a randomized order from current practice to best practice according to the algorithm. This evidence-based and consensus-based algorithm will provide da