Review of Geochimical, Isotopic and Fluid Inclusions Studies in Ramand Region (Qazvin Province)

Ramand copper deposit is an example of vein-bearing deposits with volcanic host located in the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone. The deposit host is an Eocene volcanic sequence and the main host’s rock is the rhyolite mineral. The main minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, covellite and natural gold; and the tailings minerals include quartz, calcite and sericite. The average grade of gold in silica veins is 133.5 ppb, the average grade of copper is about 3.5% and the average grade of molybdenum is 135 ppm. Quartz-sulfide hydrothermal veins contain biphasic fluid-rich fluid inclusions and monophasic fluid-rich fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperature ranged from 73 to 307 ° C with an average of 141 ° C and in all samples, homogenization was carried out through the liquid phase and salinity variations ranged from 1.75 to 4.74 with an average of 3.65 wt% NaCl equivalent. Quartz and calcite oxygen isotope values range between 4.4 to 9.4 per thousand. Isotopic data indicate that the ore-generating fluids in the Ramand ore deposit have relatively low salinity and atmospheric-magmatic origin. According to this study, Ramand’s mineralization range is the result of hydrothermal activity in the area where mineralization with simple mineralogical characteristics has occurred in siliceous veins and sub-veinsO depósito de cobre de Ramand é um exemplo de depósitos contendo veias de origem vulcânica localizado na zona de Urumieh-Dokhtar. O depósito é uma sequência de origem vulcânica do Eoceno e a rocha principal encontrada na área é o riolito. Os principais minerais são calcopirita, pirita, covellite e ouro natural; e os minerais de rejeitos incluem quartzo, calcita e sericita. O teor médio de ouro nas veias de sílica é de 133,5 ppb, o teor médio de cobre é de cerca de 3,5% e o teor médio de molibdênio é de 135 ppm. As veias hidrotermais de sulfeto de quartzo contêm inclusões fluidas ricas em líquidos bifásicos e inclusões fluidas ricas em líquidos monofásicos. A temperatura de homogeneização variou de 73 a 307°C com uma média de 141°C e em todas as amostras, a homogeneização foi realizada na fase líquida e as variações de salinidade variaram de 1,75 a 4,74 com uma média de 3,65% em peso de NaCl equivalent

Modification of carbonic anhydrase II with acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, leads to decreased enzyme activity

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, can generate covalent modifications of proteins and cellular constituents. However, functional consequences of such modification remain poorly defined. In the present study, we examined acetaldehyde reaction with human carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozyme II, which has several features that make it a suitable target protein: It is widely expressed, its enzymatic activity can be monitored, its structural and catalytic properties are known, and it contains 24 lysine residues, which are accessible sites for aldehyde reaction.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Acetaldehyde treatment in the absence and presence of a reducing agent (NaBH₃(CN)) caused shifts in the pI values of CA II. SDS-PAGE indicated a shift toward a slightly higher molecular mass. High-resolution mass spectra of CA II, measured with and without NaBH₃(CN), indicated the presence of an unmodified protein, as expected. Mass spectra of CA II treated with acetaldehyde revealed a modified protein form (+26 Da), consistent with a "Schiff base" formation between acetaldehyde and one of the primary NH₂groups (e.g., in lysine side chain) in the protein structure. This reaction was highly specific, given the relative abundance of over 90% of the modified protein. In reducing conditions, each CA II molecule had reacted with 9–19 (14 on average) acetaldehyde molecules (+28 Da), consistent with further reduction of the "Schiff bases" to substituted amines (N-ethyllysine residues). The acetaldehyde-modified protein showed decreased CA enzymatic activity.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The acetaldehyde-derived modifications in CA II molecule may have physiological consequences in alcoholic patients.</p

Production and Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase VII. Acetaldehyde-derived modifications and comparison to the other cytosolic isozymes

Väitöskirjatutkimuksessa tuotettiin bakteerisoluissa ihmisen hiilihappoanhydraasi VII isoentsyymi (CA VII), jota karakterisoitiin tutkimuksen aikana. Paikantamistutkimuksissa todettiin, että CA VII isoentsyymiä esiintyy runsaasti erityisesti maksassa ja aivokasvaimissa. Tulosten perusteella CA VII on lupaava merkkiproteiini aivokasvainten diagnostiikassa. Tutkimuksen erityisenä tavoitteena oli selvittää muutoksia, joita alkoholin aineenvaihduntatuote, asetaldehydi, aiheuttaa hiilihappoanhydraasien proteiinirakenteessa. Kohteeksi valittiin kaikki solulimassa ilmentyvät hiilihappoanhydraasit, CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII ja CA XIII. Tulosten perusteella asetaldehydi sitoutui voimakkaimmin CA II isoentsyymiin. Vaikka yhteen entsyymimolekyyliin sitoutui jopa 19 asetaldehydimolekyyliä, tämä rakennemuutos laski odotettua vähemmän hiilihappoanhydraasin entsymaattista aktiivisuutta. Väitöskirjatutkimuksesta saadut tiedot auttavat ymmärtämään paremmin hiilihappoanhydraasien toimintaa sekä asetaldehydin sitoutumista ja vaikutuksia entsyymeissä.Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes are ubiquitous metalloenzymes which are able to maintain acid-base homeostasis by catalyzing the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions and protons. This family of enzymes plays an important role for the survival of the cell and whole organism by contributing to various physiological functions. The ?-CA family consists of fifteen isozymes of which thirteen are expressed and have catalytically active forms in mammals. The CA isozymes have shown unique expression patterns, kinetic and inhibitory properties, as well as several different subcellular localizations: five isozymes are cytosolic, five are membrane-associated, two are mitochondrial, and one is a secretory form. One major aim of our study was to produce and characterize human CA VII, a cytosolic isozyme. Two potential variants of CA VII were discovered based on GeneBank data. The investigations on the CA VII expression in the human cerebrum and hippocampus showed positive mRNA signals for both variants. The shorter variant turned out to be unstable and was not detectable in any murine tissues at the protein level. The full-length CA VII was expressed in the liver, colon, and muscle. In addition to certain normal tissues, CA VII was detected in gliomas. Our results indicated that CA VII expression became higher in high-grade tumors, suggesting an important role for this enzyme in tumor metabolism. This result led us to conclude that CA VII might serve as a novel potential biomarker of poor prognosis in diffuse astrocytomas. The other main goal was to investigate and compare acetaldehyde-derived modifications in five cytosolic CAs, including CA I, II, III, VII, and XIII. Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, has been shown to be a toxic compound in the body, because of its capablity to form stable and unstable adducts with various proteins and cellular components. The acetaldehyde binding can result in functional and structural changes in proteins, which can further lead to harmful effects, such as autoimmune and carcinogenic processes. Human CA II, the most active enzyme among the CA gene family, showed a significant decrease in the enzyme activity levels when treated with high concentrations of acetaldehyde. The other isozymes showed milder changes in the activity levels after acetaldehyde treatment. This difference can be explained by the unique structural features of CA II isozyme as compared to the other enzyme forms. CA II contains the highest number of reactive lysine residues on the surface, which makes it a more sensitive target for acetaldehyde binding and adduct formation. The data obtained in the present studies will hopefully help to better understand the mechanisms of acetaldehyde adduct formation at the molecular level. This information may also deepen our insight into the pathogenesis of alcohol-related injuries in different organs

Financial Performance Prediction System in Industrial Companies through Data Mining Algorithms

With the emergence of new businesses leading to the complicated and changing business environments, industrial managers and investors need tools and mechanisms to acquire a more clarified view of their business in different financial aspects in the future. The financial status of industrial firms has always had a significant analytical role and the evaluation of profitability has been conducted through the analysis of financial indicators that appear as key performance measures. In this regard, financial statements provides the stakeholders with accurate organizational status in a specific period of time. In the current research, the researchers have attempted to utilize the financial ratios as well as data mining algorithms so as to design a system that accurately predicts the net profit based on the previous performance of firms and accordingly, providing an appropriate performance analysis. The designed neural network model predicts the profit through the detection of relationships among financial ratios and previous profitability of the industrial firm

Zebrafish as a model organism for the development of drugs for skin cancer

Skin cancer, which includes melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma, represents the most common type of cutaneous malignancy worldwide, and its incidence is expected to rise in the near future. This condition derives from acquired genetic dysregulation of signaling pathways involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of skin cells. The development of animal models has allowed a better understanding of these pathomechanisms, with the possibility of carrying out toxicological screening and drug development. In particular, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been established as one of the most important model organisms for cancer research. This model is particularly suitable for live cell imaging and high-throughput drug screening in a large-scale fashion. Thanks to the recent advances in genome editing, such as the clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) methodologies, the mechanisms associated with cancer development and progression, as well as drug resistance can be investigated and comprehended. With these unique tools, the zebrafish represents a powerful platform for skin cancer research in the development of target therapies. Here, we will review the advantages of using the zebrafish model for drug discovery and toxicological and phenotypical screening. We will focus in detail on the most recent progress in the field of zebrafish model generation for the study of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), including cancer cell injection and transgenic animal development. Moreover, we will report the latest compounds and small molecules under investigation in melanoma zebrafish models