618 research outputs found
Core dissolution and the dynamics of massive stars in young stellar clusters
We investigate the dynamical effects of rapid gas expulsion from the core of
a young stellar cluster. The aims of this study are to determine 1) whether a
mass-segregated core survives the gas expulsion and 2) the probable location of
any massive stars that have escaped from the core. Feedback from massive stars
is expected to remove the gas from the core of the cluster first, as that is
where most massive stars are located. We find that gas expulsion has little
effect on the core for a core star formation efficiency, of greater than 50%.
For lower values of star formation efficiency down to 20%, a reduced core
survives containing the majority of the massive stars while some of them are
dispersed into the rest of the cluster. In fact we find that ejected stars
migrate from radial to tangential orbits due to stellar encounters once they
leave the core. Thus, the location of massive stars outside of the core does
not exclude their forming in the dense cluster core. Few massive stars are
expected to remain in the core for a star formation efficiency lower than 20%.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Massive star formation: Nurture, not nature
We investigate the physical processes which lead to the formation of massive
stars. Using a numerical simulation of the formation of a stellar cluster from
a turbulent molecular cloud, we evaluate the relevant contributions of
fragmentation and competitive accretion in determining the masses of the more
massive stars. We find no correlation between the final mass of a massive star,
and the mass of the clump from which it forms. Instead, we find that the bulk
of the mass of massive stars comes from subsequent competitive accretion in a
clustered environment. In fact, the majority of this mass infalls onto a
pre-existing stellar cluster. Furthermore, the mass of the most massive star in
a system increases as the system grows in numbers of stars and in total mass.
This arises as the infalling gas is accompanied by newly formed stars,
resulting in a larger cluster around a more massive star. High-mass stars gain
mass as they gain companions, implying a direct causal relationship between the
cluster formation process, and the formation of higher-mass stars therein.Comment: 8 pages, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Version including hi-res
colour postscript figure available at
http://star-www.st-and.ac.uk/~sgv/ps/massnurt.ps.g
T Tauri variability in the context of the beat-frequency model
We examine the implications of a beat frequency modulated model of T Tauri
accretion. In particular we show that measurements of the variability of
accretion generated lines can be used in conjunction with existing photometry
to obtain a measurement of the underlying photospheric and disc flux. This
provides an independent way of checking spectral energy distribution modelling.
In addition, we show how spectroscopy of T Tauri stars can reveal the
inclination angle between the magnetic axis and the plane of the disc.Comment: uuencoded compressed postscript. The preprint is also available at
http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/preprint/PrePrint.htm
The hierarchical formation of a stellar cluster
Recent surveys of star forming regions have shown that most stars, and
probably all massive stars, are born in dense stellar clusters. The mechanism
by which a molecular cloud fragments to form several hundred to thousands of
individual stars has remained elusive. Here, we use a numerical simulation to
follow the fragmentation of a turbulent molecular cloud and the subsequent
formation and early evolution of a stellar cluster containing more than 400
stars. We show that the stellar cluster forms through the hierarchical
fragmentation of a turbulent molecular cloud. This leads to the formation of
many small subclusters which interact and merge to form the final stellar
cluster. The hierarchical nature of the cluster formation has serious
implications in terms of the properties of the new-born stars. The higher
number-density of stars in subclusters, compared to a more uniform distribution
arising from a monolithic formation, results in closer and more frequent
dynamical interactions. Such close interactions can truncate circumstellar
discs, harden existing binaries, and potentially liberate a population of
planets. We estimate that at least one-third of all stars, and most massive
stars, suffer such disruptive interactions.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Version
including hi-res colour postscript figure available at
http://star-www.st-and.ac.uk/~sgv/ps/clufhier.ps.g
Streaming motions and kinematic distances to molecular clouds
FGR-F and IAB gratefully acknowledge support from the ERC Advanced Grant ECOGAL project, grant agreement 291227, funded by the European Research Council under ERC-2011-ADG.We present high-resolution smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of a region of gas flowing in a spiral arm and identify dense gas clouds to investigate their kinematics with respect to a Milky Way model. We find that, on average, the gas in the arms can have a net radial streaming motion of vR â -9 km s-1 and rotate approximate to 6 km s-1 slower than the circular velocity. This translates to average peculiar motions towards the Galaxy centre and opposite to Galactic rotation. These results may be sensitive to the assumed spiral arm perturbation, which is â 3 per cent of the disc potential in our model. We compare the actual distance and the kinematic estimate and we find that streaming motions introduce systematic offsets of â 1 kpc. We find that the distance error can be as large as ± 2 kpc, and the recovered cloud positions have distributions that can extend significantly into the inter-arm regions. We conclude that this poses a difficulty in tracing spiral arm structure in molecular cloud surveys.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Large-scale gas flows and streaming motions in simulated spiral galaxies
FGR-F and IAB gratefully acknowledge support from the ERC ECOGAL project, grant agreement 291227, funded by the European Research Council under ERC2011-ADG. FGR-F also acknowledges a St. Leonards Scholarship from the University of St Andrews and support from the Hyperstars project (funded by RĂ©gion Paris Ăle-de-France DIMACAV+) at the final stages of this project. This equipment is funded by BIS National EInfrastructure capital grant ST/K000373/1 and STFC DiRAC Operations grant ST/K0003259/1.From a galactic perspective, star formation occurs on the smallest scales within molecular clouds, but it is likely initiated from the large scale flows driven by galactic dynamics. To understand the conditions for star formation, it is important to first discern the mechanisms that drive gas from large-scales into dense structures on the smallest scales of a galaxy. We present high-resolution smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of two model spiral galaxies: one with a live stellar disc (N-body) and one with a spiral potential. We investigate the large-scale flows and streaming motions driven by the simulated spiral structure. We find that the strength of the motions in the radial direction tends to be higher than in the azimuthal component. In the N-body model, the amplitude of these motions decreases with galactocentric radius whereas for the spiral potential, it decreases to a minimum at the corotation radius, and increases again after this point. The results show that in both simulations, the arms induce local shocks, an increase in kinetic energy that can drive turbulence and a means of compressing and expanding the gas. These are all crucial elements in forming molecular clouds and driving the necessary conditions for star formation.PostprintPeer reviewe
Dynamical Friction on Star Clusters near the Galactic Center
Numerical simulations of the dynamical friction suffered by a star cluster
near the Galactic center have been performed with a parallelized tree code.
Gerhard (2001) has suggested that dynamical friction, which causes a cluster to
lose orbital energy and spiral in towards the galactic center, may explain the
presence of a cluster of very young stars in the central parsec, where star
formation might be prohibitively difficult owing to strong tidal forces. The
clusters modeled in our simulations have an initial total mass of 10^5-10^6
Msun and initial galactocentric radii of 2.5-30 pc. We have identified a few
simulations in which dynamical friction indeed brings a cluster to the central
parsec, although this is only possible if the cluster is either very massive
(~10^6 Msun), or is formed near the central parsec (<~ 5 pc). In both cases,
the cluster should have an initially very dense core (> 10^6 Msun pc-3). The
initial core collapse and segregation of massive stars into the cluster core,
which typically happens on a much shorter time scale than that characterizing
the dynamical inspiral of the cluster toward the Galactic center, can provide
the requisite high density. Furthermore, because it is the cluster core which
is most likely to survive the cluster disintegration during its journey
inwards, this can help account for the observed distribution of presumably
massive HeI stars in the central parsec.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
Variations in Stellar Clustering with Environment: Dispersed Star Formation and the Origin of Faint Fuzzies
The observed increase in star formation efficiency with average cloud
density, from several percent in whole giant molecular clouds to ~30 or more in
cluster-forming cores, can be understood as the result of hierarchical cloud
structure if there is a characteristic density as which individual stars become
well defined. Also in this case, the efficiency of star formation increases
with the dispersion of the density probability distribution function (pdf).
Models with log-normal pdf's illustrate these effects. The difference between
star formation in bound clusters and star formation in loose groupings is
attributed to a difference in cloud pressure, with higher pressures forming
more tightly bound clusters. This correlation accounts for the observed
increase in clustering fraction with star formation rate and with the
observation of Scaled OB Associations in low pressure environments. ``Faint
fuzzie'' star clusters, which are bound but have low densities, can form in
regions with high Mach numbers and low background tidal forces. The proposal by
Burkert, Brodie & Larsen (2005) that faint fuzzies form at large radii in
galactic collisional rings, satisfies these constraints.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures, ApJ, 672, January 10th 200
Observational Implications of Precessing Protostellar Discs and Jets
We consider the dynamics of a protostellar disc in a binary system where the
disc is misaligned with the orbital plane of the binary, with the aim of
determining the observational consequences for such systems. The disc wobbles
with a period approximately equal to half the binary's orbital period and
precesses on a longer timescale. We determine the characteristic timescale for
realignment of the disc with the orbital plane due to dissipation. If the
dissipation is determined by a simple isotropic viscosity then we find, in line
with previous studies, that the alignment timescale is of order the viscous
evolution timescale. However, for typical protostellar disc parameters, if the
disc tilt exceeds the opening angle of the disc, then tidally induced shearing
within the disc is transonic. In general, hydrodynamic instabilities associated
with the internally driven shear result in extra dissipation which is expected
to drastically reduce the alignment timescale. For large disc tilts the
alignment timescale is then comparable to the precession timescale, while for
smaller tilt angles , the alignment timescale varies as . We discuss the consequences of the wobbling, precession and
rapid realignment for observations of protostellar jets and the implications
for binary star formation mechanisms.Comment: MNRAS, in press. 10 pages. Also available at
http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~mbat
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