Periodic-disturbance accommodating control of the space station for asymptotic momentum management

Periodic-disturbance accommodating control is investigated for asymptotic momentum management of control moment gyros used as primary actuating devices for the Space Station. The proposed controller utilizes the concepts of quaternion feedback control and periodic-disturbance accommodation to achieve oscillations about the constant torque equilibrium attitude, while minimizing the control effort required. Three-axis coupled equations of motion, written in terms of quaternions, are derived for roll/yaw controller design and stability analysis. The quaternion feedback controller designed using the linear-quadratic regulator synthesis technique is shown to be robust for a wide range of pitch angles. It is also shown that the proposed controller tunes the open-loop unstable vehicle to a stable oscillatory motion which minimizes the control effort needed for steady-state operations

MicroPPT-Based Secondary/Backup ACS for a 160-m, 450-kg Solar Sail Spacecraft

Solar sail tip-mounted, lightweight pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs) are proposed for a secondary (or backup) attitude control system (ACS) of a 160-m, 450-kg solar sail spacecraft of the Solar Polar Imager (SPI) mission. A propellantless primary ACS of the SPI sailcraft employs trim control masses running along mast lanyards for pitch/yaw control together with roll stabilizer bars at the mast tips for quadrant tilt (roll) control. The robustness of such a propellantless primary ACS would be further enhanced by a secondary ACS utilizing tip-mounted, lightweight PPTs. The microPPT-based ACS is intended mainly for attitude recovery maneuvers from various off-nominal conditions that cannot be reliably handled by the propellantless primary ACS. However, it can also be employed for: i) the checkout or standby mode prior to and during sail deployment, ii) the post-deployment transition mode (prior to the propellantless primary ACS mode operation), iii) the solar sailing cruise mode of a trimmed sailcraft, and iv) the spin-stabilized, sun-pointing, safe mode. Although a conventional bus ACS is required for the SPI mission as the sail is jettisoned at the start of its science mission phase, the microPPT-based ACS option promises greater redundancy and robustness for the SPI mission. For other sailing missions, where the sail is never jettisoned, this secondary ACS provides a lower-cost, lower-mass propulsion for deployment control and greater redundancy than any traditional reaction-jet control system. This paper presents an overview nf the state--of-the--art microPPT technology, the design requirements of microPPTs for solar sail attitude control, and the preliminary ACS design and simulation results

AOCS Performance and Stability Validation for a 160-m Solar Sail with Control-Structure Interactions

Future solar sail missions, such as NASA's Solar Polar Imager Vision, will require sails with dimensions on the order of 50-500 m. We are examining a square sail design with moving mass (trim control mass, TCM) and quadrant rotation primary actuators plus pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs) at the mast tips for backup attitude control. Quadrant rotation is achieved via roll stabilizer bars (RSB) at the mast tips. At these sizes, given the gossamer nature of the sail supporting structures, flexible modes may be low enough to interact with the control system, especially as these actuators are located on the flexible structure itself and not on the rigid core. This paper develops a practical analysis of the flexible interactions using state-space systems and modal data from finite element models of the system. Torsion and bending of the masts during maneuvers could significantly affect the function of the actuators while activation of the membrane modes could adversely affect the thrust vector direction and magnitude. Analysis of the RSB and TCM dynamics for developing high-fidelity simulations is included. For control analysis of the flexible system, standard finite-element models of the flexible sail body are loaded and the modal data is used to create a modal coordinate state-space system. Key parameters include which modes to include, which nodes are of interest for force inputs and displacement outputs, connecting nodes through which external forces and torques are applied from the flex body to the core, any nominal momentum in the system, and any steady rates. The system is linearized about the nominal attitude and rate. The state-space plant can then be analyzed with a state-space controller, and Bode, Nyquist, step and impulse responses generated. The approach is general for any rigid core with a flexible appendage. This paper develops a compensator for a simple two-mass flex system and extrapolates the results to the solar sail. A finite element model of the 20 m solar sail by ATK Space Systems, recently validated in ground tests, is used to demonstrate the sail analysis approach

Full-Reference and No-reference Image Blur Assessment Based on Edge Information

Blur images are often subjected to the loss of high frequency content during acquisition, compression and multimedia transmission. Hence, objective blur assessment is implemented to identify and quantify image quality degradation by blurriness artifact in order to maintain and control the quality of the images. In this paper, objective full-reference and no-reference blur assessments using edge information are presented with the aim to provide computational models that can automatically measure the amount of blurriness artifact such as Gaussian blur on the images. The amount of Gaussian blur on an image, also known as the final blur measurement is determined by averaging the sum of edge width over all detected edges which satisfy the edge criteria. The final blur measurement for all test images based on full-reference and no-reference implementations are also validated with subjective results. The validation results show that the objective full-reference and no-reference blur assessments correlate closely to perceptual image quality

Inverse-photoemission measurement of iron oxides on polycrystalline Fe

We measured the inverse-photoemission spectra (IPES) of iron oxides grown on an Fe substrate and calculated the band structure of paramagnetic FeO to analyze the IPES. The band-structure calculation showed some overlap between Fe 3d states and O 2p states in the region of occupied states, and s,p-like states of Fe in the unoccupied region. Isochromatic IPES showed two structures at ∼2.5 and ∼7.5 eV above the Fermi energy. We estimated from the IPES data a full band gap of 2.5 eV for FeO

Optical Properties of Mo

The interband optical conductivity of Mo was calculated using a self-consistent relativistic band structure. Including electric dipole matrix elements, the results are in excellent quantitative agreement with experiment in the 1–6-eV region. The use of nonrelativistic bands and the neglect of the dipole matrix elements each lead to poorer agreement with experiment. The major relativistic effect is the lowering of the s-like bands, not the spin-orbit splitting. k-space searches identified the regions of the Brillouin zone contributing to the three principal structures, which were found to be large volumes of the zone consisting of general points, away from symmetry points or lines

Interpretation of the optical properties of Nb

The interband optical conductivity of Nb was calculated from a self-consistent relativistic band structure. For the optical conductivity, the major relativistic effect is the lowering of the s-like bands relative to the d-like bands, not spin-orbit splitting. k-space searches identified the regions of the Brillouin zone contributing to the principal structures of the optical conductivity. The regions were found to be large volumes of the zone that did not include symmetry points or lines. Along with previous results for Mo, the good agreement between theory and experiment suggests that the effects of the omitted self-energy are small for these two bcc metals

Development of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) For Energy Recovery in Perodua Myvi

Over the decades, the automotive industry has shifted its interest towards producing more and more fuel efficient car such as the hybrids which would not only reduce fuel consumption, but also maintaining as much as possible the great performance of a car. A technology such as thermoelectric generator has also play its role in the recent years with greater emphasis on recovering waste heat from the engine. Conventional ICE loses as much as 40% of energy from the fuel in the form of exhaust heat and recovering this portion of energy would therefore increase the engine efficiency as well as reducing unnecessary loads on the engine

Multimodality imaging in vivo for preclinical assessment of tumor-targeted doxorubicin nanoparticles.

This study presents a new multimodal imaging approach that includes high-frequency ultrasound, fluorescence intensity, confocal, and spectral imaging to improve the preclinical evaluation of new therapeutics in vivo. Here we use this approach to assess in vivo the therapeutic efficacy of the novel chemotherapy construct, HerDox during and after treatment. HerDox is comprised of doxorubicin non-covalently assembled in a viral-like particle targeted to HER2+ tumor cells, causing tumor cell death at over 10-fold lower dose compared to the untargeted drug, while sparing the heart. Whereas our initial proof-of-principle studies on HerDox used tumor growth/shrinkage rates as a measure of therapeutic efficacy, here we show that multimodal imaging deployed during and after treatment can supplement traditional modes of tumor monitoring to further characterize the particle in tissues of treated mice. Specifically, we show here that tumor cell apoptosis elicited by HerDox can be monitored in vivo during treatment using high frequency ultrasound imaging, while in situ confocal imaging of excised tumors shows that HerDox indeed penetrated tumor tissue and can be detected at the subcellular level, including in the nucleus, via Dox fluorescence. In addition, ratiometric spectral imaging of the same tumor tissue enables quantitative discrimination of HerDox fluorescence from autofluorescence in situ. In contrast to standard approaches of preclinical assessment, this new method provides multiple/complementary information that may shorten the time required for initial evaluation of in vivo efficacy, thus potentially reducing the time and cost for translating new drug molecules into the clinic