Maturation finale des lymphocytes B : de la commutation de classe aux conséquences pathologiques de la production d'immunoglobulines anormales

Class Switch Recombination (CSR) is a key step during the immune response. CSR results in a switch to a more specific Ig isotype in response to a specific antigen. Plasma cells, the ultimate stage of B cell lineage differentiation, will synthesize this Ig. During plasma cell disorders, the production of an abnormal monoclonal Ig can lead to pathogenic situations. The aim of the first part of this study is to determine the minimal requirements for CSR induction with a mouse model in which we inserted a “switch cassette” composed of two transcribed S regions into a kappa locus which is naturally targeted by AID. However, despite efficient transcription and AID targeting of S regions, the “switch cassette” was not sufficient to induce effective CSR. We also developed a mouse model of HCDD (Heavy Chain Deposition Disease) which reproduced typical Randall-type renal lesions due to production of a pathogenic truncated heavy chain. This model demonstrated that the effective response to proteasome inhibitors observed in patients, is the consequence of the presence of a truncated HC that sensitizes plasma cells to this type of therapy through an elevated unfolded protein response (UPR).La commutation de classe (CSR) est une étape clef de la réponse immunitaire. Ce phénomène va permettre de changer le type d’immunoglobuline (Ig) produite en réponse à un antigène donné. Ces Ig seront ensuite produites par les plasmocytes, qui constituent le stade ultime de la différenciation de la lignée cellulaire B. Lors de dérèglements de la prolifération de ces cellules, certaines Ig monoclonales anormales peuvent être produites et conduire à des situations pathologiques. La première partie de ce travail s’inscrit dans une logique de compréhension des éléments minima requis pour l’établissement de ce phénomène de CSR. Grace à un modèle animal d’insertion dirigée dans le locus kappa murin, naturellement ciblé par l’enzyme AID responsable de ce phénomène, nous avons mis en évidence que la présence de deux régions « switch » transcrites et fortement mutées par AID, n’était pas suffisante pour permettre ce phénomène. Un modèle murin reproduisant une maladie due à une Ig anormale a aussi été établi. Ce modèle de HCDD (Heavy Chain Deposition Disease) nous a permis de mettre en évidence la nécessité de la délétion du CH1 des chaînes lourdes d’Ig pour la génération des dépôts et nous a également permis de montrer que l’efficacité des thérapies à base d’inhibiteur de protéasome observée chez les patients atteint de HCDD, était en partie due à l’Ig pathogène elle-même, qui induit une élévation du stress du réticulum endoplasmique (UPR) au sein des plasmocytes producteurs de ces Ig

Leupaxin Expression Is Dispensable for B Cell Immune Responses.

The generation of a potent humoral immune response by B cells relies on the integration of signals induced by the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors and both negative and positive co-receptors. Several reports also suggest that integrin signaling plays an important role in this process. How integrin signaling is regulated in B cells is however still partially understood. Integrin activity and function are controlled by several mechanisms including regulation by molecular adaptors of the paxillin family. In B cells, Leupaxin (Lpxn) is the most expressed member of the family and in vitro studies suggest that it could dampen BCR signaling. Here, we report that Lpxn expression is increased in germinal center B cells compared to naïve B cells. Moreover, Lpxn deficiency leads to decreased B cell differentiation into plasma cells in vitro. However, Lpxn seems dispensable for the generation of a potent B cell immune response in vivo. Altogether our results suggest that Lpxn is dispensable for T-dependent and T-independent B cell immune responses

Final maturation of B lymphocytes : from class switch recombination to pathological consequences of abnormal immunoglobulin production

La commutation de classe (CSR) est une étape clef de la réponse immunitaire. Ce phénomène va permettre de changer le type d’immunoglobuline (Ig) produite en réponse à un antigène donné. Ces Ig seront ensuite produites par les plasmocytes, qui constituent le stade ultime de la différenciation de la lignée cellulaire B. Lors de dérèglements de la prolifération de ces cellules, certaines Ig monoclonales anormales peuvent être produites et conduire à des situations pathologiques. La première partie de ce travail s’inscrit dans une logique de compréhension des éléments minima requis pour l’établissement de ce phénomène de CSR. Grace à un modèle animal d’insertion dirigée dans le locus kappa murin, naturellement ciblé par l’enzyme AID responsable de ce phénomène, nous avons mis en évidence que la présence de deux régions « switch » transcrites et fortement mutées par AID, n’était pas suffisante pour permettre ce phénomène. Un modèle murin reproduisant une maladie due à une Ig anormale a aussi été établi. Ce modèle de HCDD (Heavy Chain Deposition Disease) nous a permis de mettre en évidence la nécessité de la délétion du CH1 des chaînes lourdes d’Ig pour la génération des dépôts et nous a également permis de montrer que l’efficacité des thérapies à base d’inhibiteur de protéasome observée chez les patients atteint de HCDD, était en partie due à l’Ig pathogène elle-même, qui induit une élévation du stress du réticulum endoplasmique (UPR) au sein des plasmocytes producteurs de ces Ig.Class Switch Recombination (CSR) is a key step during the immune response. CSR results in a switch to a more specific Ig isotype in response to a specific antigen. Plasma cells, the ultimate stage of B cell lineage differentiation, will synthesize this Ig. During plasma cell disorders, the production of an abnormal monoclonal Ig can lead to pathogenic situations. The aim of the first part of this study is to determine the minimal requirements for CSR induction with a mouse model in which we inserted a “switch cassette” composed of two transcribed S regions into a kappa locus which is naturally targeted by AID. However, despite efficient transcription and AID targeting of S regions, the “switch cassette” was not sufficient to induce effective CSR. We also developed a mouse model of HCDD (Heavy Chain Deposition Disease) which reproduced typical Randall-type renal lesions due to production of a pathogenic truncated heavy chain. This model demonstrated that the effective response to proteasome inhibitors observed in patients, is the consequence of the presence of a truncated HC that sensitizes plasma cells to this type of therapy through an elevated unfolded protein response (UPR)

Hematopoietic Multipotent Progenitors and Plasma Cells: Neighbors or Roommates in the Mouse Bone Marrow Ecosystem?

International audienceThe bone marrow is a complex ecosystem in which hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells reside. In this review, we discuss the bone marrow niches in mice that facilitate the survival, maintenance, and differentiation of cells of hematopoietic origin based on the recent literature. Our review places a special focus on the hematopoietic multipotent progenitors and on plasma cells, corresponding to the last stage of the B-cell lineage, that play a key role in the humoral memory response. We highlight the similarities between the microenvironments necessary for the establishment and the maintenance of these two immune cell subsets, and how the chemokine CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis contributes to these processes. Finally, we bring elements to address the following question: are multipotent progenitors and plasma cells neighbors or roommates within the bone marrow

La signalisation de CXCR4, un rhéostat de la réponse immunitaire à médiation humorale

CXCR4 est un récepteur de chimiokine qui joue un rôle central dans la migration cellulaire mais également dans d’autres mécanismes essentiels, tels que le développement du système immunitaire. De concert avec son ligand naturel, la chimiokine CXCL12, cet axe de signalisation joue un rôle important dans la biologie des lymphocytes B, des stades précoces de différenciation dans la moelle osseuse à leur activation et différenciation en cellules sécrétrices d’anticorps, aussi appelées plasmocytes. Des mutations gain de fonction de CXCR4 sont retrouvées dans une immunodéficience rare, le Syndrome WHIM. Ces mutations affectent le mécanisme de désensibilisation du récepteur et entraînent un gain de fonction en réponse à CXCL12. Cette revue résume le rôle de CXCR4 dans la réponse immune humorale et, à travers l’étude du Syndrome WHIM, souligne le rôle régulateur essentiel de la désensibilisation de CXCR4 dans ces processus. Des travaux récents rapportent en effet qu’une signalisation correcte de CXCR4 est essentielle pour limiter la réponse immune dite « extra-folliculaire » et pour permettre une protection au long terme assurée par les anticorps

Single cell resolution of Plasma Cell fate programming in health and disease

International audienceLong considered a homogeneous population dedicated to antibody secretion, plasma cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is increasingly recognised. Plasma cells were first segregated based on their maturation level, but the complexity of this subset might well be underestimated by this simple dichotomy. Indeed, in the last decade new functions have been attributed to plasma cells including but not limited to cytokine secretion. However, a proper characterization of plasma cell heterogeneity has remained elusive partly due to technical issues and cellular features that are specific to this cell type. Cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic signals could be at the origin of this heterogeneity. Recent advances in technologies like single cell RNA-seq, ATAC-seq or ChIP-seq on low cell numbers helped to elucidate the fate decision in other cell lineages and similar approaches could be implemented to evaluate the heterogeneous fate of activated B cells in health and disease. Here, we summarized published work shedding some lights on the stimuli and genetic program shaping B cell terminal differentiation at the single cell level in mice and men. We also discuss the fate and heterogeneity of plasma cells during immune responses, vaccination and in the frame of human plasma cell disorders

Efficient AID targeting of switch regions is not sufficient for optimal class switch recombination.

International audienceAntibody affinity maturation relies on activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin (Ig) loci. Class switch recombination (CSR) can in parallel occur between AID-targeted, transcribed, spliced and repetitive switch (S) regions. AID thus initiates not only mutations but also double-strand breaks (DSBs). What governs the choice between those two outcomes remains uncertain. Here we explore whether insertion of transcribed intronic S regions in a locus (Igκ) strongly recruiting AID is sufficient for efficient CSR. Although strongly targeted by AID and carrying internal deletions, the knocked-in S regions only undergo rare CSR-like events. This model confirms S regions as exquisite SHM targets, extending AID activity far from transcription initiation sites, and shows that such spliced and repetitive AID targets are not sufficient by themselves for CSR. Beyond transcription and AID recruitment, additional IgH elements are thus needed for CSR, restricting this hazardous gene remodelling to IgH loci

Leupaxin Expression Is Dispensable for B Cell Immune Responses

The generation of a potent humoral immune response by B cells relies on the integration of signals induced by the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors and both negative and positive co-receptors. Several reports also suggest that integrin signaling plays an important role in this process. How integrin signaling is regulated in B cells is however still partially understood. Integrin activity and function are controlled by several mechanisms including regulation by molecular adaptors of the paxillin family. In B cells, Leupaxin (Lpxn) is the most expressed member of the family and in vitro studies suggest that it could dampen BCR signaling. Here, we report that Lpxn expression is increased in germinal center B cells compared to naïve B cells. Moreover, Lpxn deficiency leads to decreased B cell differentiation into plasma cells in vitro. However, Lpxn seems dispensable for the generation of a potent B cell immune response in vivo. Altogether our results suggest that Lpxn is dispensable for T-dependent and T-independent B cell immune responses

Disruption of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain assembly by antisense oligonucleotides impairs protein homeostasis and myeloma cell survival

International audienceABSTRACT Multiple myeloma (MM) is related to the accumulation of malignant plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow. MM accounts for approximatively 10% of hematological malignancies and despite major improvement in therapies and outcomes, relapses will virtually occur in all patients. Usually, the disease goes along with an excess production of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) component by the tumor PC clone. However, many questions remain regarding the consequences of a deregulated Ig production on PC survival. Recent advances in RNA-based therapy using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) prompted us to examine the impact of altered Ig heavy to light chain (HC/LC) ratios in MM cells. We designed a pan IgG subclasses specific ASO targeting a consensus sequence found in the polyadenylation signal (PAS) of all secreted IGHG mRNAs (IgG-ASO). Remarkably, treatment with this compound strongly decreased IgG secretion in MM cell lines and patient cells. Consistent with a deregulated HC/LC ratio, a dose-dependent excess of free-LCs (as monomers and dimers) was observed in myeloma cells treated with IgG-ASO, compared to an irrevelant control ASO (CTRL). RNA-seq profiles further indicated that the expression of genes involved in cellular metabolism, unfolded protein response (UPR) and cell death pathways were altered after treatment with IgG-ASO. Interestingly, impaired survival of primary IgG-expressing cells isolated from MM patients was achieved upon treatment with IgG-ASO, whereas no major effect was observed for healthy cells. Altogether, our data provide evidence for efficient inhibition of IgG secretion upon ASO treatment and suggest that an excess of free-LC due to disruption of HC/LC stoichiometry is toxic for MM cells expressing complete Ig. Such RNA-based strategies targeting PC in an Ig isotype-dependent manner could open new avenues for selective therapeutic approaches in PC dyscrasias

Comprehensive molecular characterization of a heavy chain deposition disease case

International audienc