110GHz fT Silicon Bipolar Transistors Implemented using Fluorine Implantation for Boron Diffusion Suppression

This paper investigates how fluorine implantation can be used to suppress boron diffusion in the base of a double polysilicon silicon bipolar transistor and hence deliver a record fT of 110 GHz. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the effect of the fluorine implantation energy and dose, the anneal temperature and ambient and the germanium pre-amorphisation implant on the fluorine profiles. These results show that retention of fluorine in the silicon is maximised when a high-energy fluorine implant is combined with a low thermal budget inert anneal. TEM images show that a high-energy fluorine implant into germanium pre-amorphised silicon eliminates the end of range defects from the germanium implant and produces a band of dislocation loops deeper in the silicon at the range of the fluorine implant. Boron SIMS profiles show a suppression of boron diffusion for fluorine doses at and above 5?1014cm-2, but no suppression at lower fluorine doses. This suppression of boron diffusion correlates with the appearance on the SIMS profiles of a fluorine peak at a depth of approximately Rp/2, which is attributed to fluorine trapped in vacancy-fluorine clusters. The introduction of a fluorine implant at this critical fluorine dose into a bipolar transistor process flow leads to an increase in cut-off frequency from 46 to 60GHz. Further optimisation of the base-width and the collector profile leads to a further increase in cut-off frequency to 110GHz. Two factors are postulated to contribute to the suppression of boron diffusion by the fluorine implant. First, the elimination of the germanium end of range defects, and the associated interstitial population, by the fluorine implant, removes a source of transient enhanced diffusion. Second, any interstitials released by the dislocation loops at the range of the fluorine implant would be expected to recombine at the vacancy-fluorine clusters before reaching the boron profile

Strongly Annular Tsuji Functions

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135351/1/jlms0079.pd

Sexually Transmitted Infection History among Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department

BACKGROUND: Adolescents and young adults account for about half of the annual diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the United States. Screening and treatment for STIs, as well as prevention, are needed in health-care settings to help offset the costs of untreated STIs. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence and correlates of self-reported STI history among adolescents presenting to an emergency department (ED). METHODS: Over two and a half years, 4389 youth (aged 14-20 years) presenting to the ED completed screening measures for a randomized controlled trial. About half (56%) reported lifetime sexual intercourse and were included in analyses examining sexual risk behaviors (e.g., inconsistent condom use), and relationships of STI history with demographics (sex, age, race, school enrollment), reason for ED presentation (i.e., medical or injury), and substance use. RESULTS: Among sexually active youth, 10% reported that a medical professional had ever told them they had an STI (212 females, 35 males). Using logistic regression, female sex, older age, non-Caucasian race, not being enrolled in school, medically related ED chief complaint, and inconsistent condom use were associated with increased odds of self-reported STI history. CONCLUSIONS: One in 10 sexually active youth in the ED reported a prior diagnosed STI. Previous STI was significantly higher among females than males. ED providers inquiring about inconsistent condom use and previous STI among male and female adolescents may be one strategy to focus biological testing resources and improve screening for current STI

Stability of Satellite Planes in M31 II: Effects of the Dark Subhalo Population

The planar arrangement of nearly half the satellite galaxies of M31 has been a source of mystery and speculation since it was discovered. With a growing number of other host galaxies showing these satellite galaxy planes, their stability and longevity have become central to the debate on whether the presence of satellite planes are a natural consequence of prevailing cosmological models, or represent a challenge. Given the dependence of their stability on host halo shape, we look into how a galaxy plane's dark matter environment influences its longevity. An increased number of dark matter subhalos results in increased interactions that hasten the deterioration of an already-formed plane of satellite galaxies in spherical dark halos. The role of total dark matter mass fraction held in subhalos in dispersing a plane of galaxies present non trivial effects on plane longevity as well. But any misalignments of plane inclines to major axes of flattened dark matter halos lead to their lifetimes being reduced to < 3 Gyrs. Distributing > 40% of total dark mass in subhalos in the overall dark matter distribution results in a plane of satellite galaxies that is prone to change through the 5 Gyr integration time period.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, accepted to MNRAS September 22 201

Factors Related to Nurses Working Satisfaction in General Hospitals of Wamena Region

Background: Nurse as one of the to health care employee at hospital a part important in the effort reaching the target of health development in the form of helath care service at patient. Upbringing treatment helath care service determined also by satisfaction work from nurse having an effect on to nurse performance in giving treatment upbringing. Target of research: The Factors Affecting With Satisfaction Job Of Nurse At Wamena General Hospital. Method Research : Analytic with cross sectional study design. Population is all nurse  Wamena gernal hospital as much 173 people as sampel by totalizeing sampling during one months in August 2017 by using questioner. Data analysed to use square chi and regression binary logistics. Result of research : There is factors affecting age (p-value = 0,009; RP = 1,495; CI95%= (1,104 - 2,023), job position (p-value = 0,031; RP = 2,519; CI95%= (0,926 - 6,854), year of service (p-value = 0,037; RP= 1,368; CI95%= (1,029 - 1,819), prosperity program (p-value = 0,000; RP = 1,762; CI95%= (1,362 - 2,279) and salary (p-value = 0,000; RP = 2,263; CI95%= (1,616 - 3,167) to satisfaction work nurse Wamena general hospital. There is no factors affecting between education (p-value = 0,924; RP = 0,894; CI95%= (0,500 - 1,601), appreciation (p-value = 0,141; Rp = 0,798; CI95%= (0,604 - 1,054) and interpersonal relation to satisfaction work of nurse in Wamena general hospital (p-value = 0,261; RP = 0,831; CI95%= (0,620 - 1,113). Dominant factor to satisfaction work of nurse Wamena general hospital is low salary specially at nurse with honorer state

Discrete molecular dynamics simulations of peptide aggregation

We study the aggregation of peptides using the discrete molecular dynamics simulations. At temperatures above the alpha-helix melting temperature of a single peptide, the model peptides aggregate into a multi-layer parallel beta-sheet structure. This structure has an inter-strand distance of 0.48 nm and an inter-sheet distance of 1.0 nm, which agree with experimental observations. In this model, the hydrogen bond interactions give rise to the inter-strand spacing in beta-sheets, while the Go interactions among side chains make beta-strands parallel to each other and allow beta-sheets to pack into layers. The aggregates also contain free edges which may allow for further aggregation of model peptides to form elongated fibrils.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure

On the arrangement of tidal turbines in rough and oscillatory channel flow

Fast tidal streams are a promising source of clean, predictable power, but the task of arranging tidal turbines for maximum power capture is complicated. Actuator disc models, such as the two-scale actuator disc theory, have proven useful in seeking optimal turbine arrangements, yet these models assume flows that are frictionless and steady, and thus quite unlike the channel flow conditions that actual tidal turbines experience. In this paper, we use numerical methods to relax these assumptions and explore how optimal turbine arrangements change as the flow transitions from frictionless and steady to rough and oscillatory. In so doing, we show that, under certain conditions, the assumption of quasi-steady flow in models of tidal turbines may neglect leading-order physics. When the ratio of drag to inertial forces in the unexploited channel is very low, for instance, the optimal turbine arrangements are found to be quite different, and the potential for enhanced power capture is found to be much greater than predicted by two-scale actuator disc theory