Response of common wheat to intensifying soil fertility levels

Efficient use of adequate level of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) is essential and important part of the sustainable agricultural production. P deficiency is one of the most important yield-limiting issue in many parts of the world including large areas of the Carpathian basin area. Bread wheat is the largest crop in Hungary and its yield is significantly affected by nutrient status of the soil. This study was conducted to determine the optimum fertilizer levels of bread wheat in a low-P level, Calcisols, rich in organic matter content and N-Supply

A new crop opens new ways for the milling and baking industry

Triticale (Trilicosecale Wittm.) is a young, economical crop and its acreage has continuously been growing as the susiainability of farming is having superior status in all over the world. Today, triticale is a typical "on-farm" crop: farmers desire it as feedstock at their properties. Research reports however, revealed that this crop may be a useful, new ingredient in human consumption. This study is about the present situation and prospect of triticale production and utilization, particularly in human consumption. Lately, three environmentally sound triticale variety were developed in our institution for farmers for both low input, ecu-production and conventional agronomical systems. In this study, we examined the most important milling and baking characteristics of these new triticale varieties. Two of the tested triticales proved to have high alpha-amylase activities suggesting that using triticale component in target flour blends is desirable when improving the poor amylase activity of wheat components. The first Hungarian-bred spring triticale cultivar GK Idus has got exceptionallyhigh kernel hardness as well as protein content. Thus, GK Idus can be used fairly in development of various whole mail cereals and confectionary' industry. The results showed that all the tested triticales are suitable to use in human consumption, particularly to compose valuable flour blends using 10-50% triticale flour and 50-90% bread wheat flours as components. Triticale cultivar GK Szemes having exceedingly high loaf volume may be particularly valuable constituent in forthcoming baking industry

Enhancement of a new method in cereal breeding programmes

Homozygous doubled haploid (DH) plants and lines can be used in cereal breeding programmes. Methods based on androgenesis induction are a common way to produce homogenous basic material for variety development and genetic research purposes. Anther culture is a simple and rapid method for DH production in case of major cereal crops like barley and wheat. Oat is known as recalcitrant species for tissue culture response specially anther and microspore culture. Its low frequency DH production limits extensive application in breeding. Our aim was to start developing an improved protocol to generate acceptable number of DH lines for breeding. Many factors (low induction rate, essential manpower needed, plant regeneration problems and genotype dependence) hinder the development and application of the methods of in vitro androgenesis. Understanding of topic “in vitro response” and “plantlet regeneration frequency” are crucial factors in cereal science, too. Our aimed results of oat (Avena sativa L.) will open new genetic solutions in plant science, plant physiology and cell- and tissue culture of cereals and in the development of new varieties

Enhancement of a new method in cereal breeding programmes

Homozygous doubled haploid (DH) plants and lines can be used in cereal breeding programmes. Methods based on androgenesis induction are a common way to produce homogenous basic material for variety development and genetic research purposes. Anther culture is a simple and rapid method for DH production in case of major cereal crops like barley and wheat. Oat is known as recalcitrant species for tissue culture response specially anther and microspore culture. Its low frequency DH production limits extensive application in breeding. Our aim was to start developing an improved protocol to generate acceptable number of DH lines for breeding. Many factors (low induction rate, essential manpower needed, plant regeneration problems and genotype dependence) hinder the development and application of the methods of in vitro androgenesis. Understanding of topic “in vitro response” and “plantlet regeneration frequency” are crucial factors in cereal science, too. Our aimed results of oat (Avena sativa L.) will open new genetic solutions in plant science, plant physiology and cell- and tissue culture of cereals and in the development of new varieties

Influence of silicon on aluminium toxicity in common and durum wheats

In acid soils, aluminium toxicity is the primary stress factor limiting the growth of plants. Silicon may reduce the toxic effects of Al in hydroponic culture. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Al and Si treatments on the growth and potassium uptake of roots and transport to the shoots of an Al-resistant common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and an Al-sensitive durum wheat (T. durum Desf.). Seedlings were grown hydroponically, at pH 4.1, with different levels of Al and Si. Increased levels of Al (0-100 $\mu$M) in the solution reduced root growth; however, shoot growth was not influenced, except in durum wheat in 7-d experiments. Si in the growth solution enabled plants to overcome Al toxicity symptoms. Seedlings of durum wheat proved to be more sensitive to Al and Si treatments. In short-term (6 h) uptake experiments, Si reduced the stimulatory effect of Al on K$^+$($^{86}$Rb) uptake of roots, which indicated a definite Al-Si interaction, principally in the roots. In long-term (4 d) Si pre-treatment experiments, no post-effect was detected.Influence du silicium sur la toxicité de l'aluminium chez le blé tendre et le blé dur. Dans les sols acides, la toxicité de l'aluminium est la première contrainte qui limite la croissance des plantes. Le silicium pourrait réduire les effets toxiques de l'aluminium en culture hydroponique. L'objectif de cette étude a été d'examiner les effets des traitements à base d'aluminium et de silicium sur la croissance et l'absorption de potassium des racines et son transport vers les tiges d'un blé tendre résistant à la toxicité de l'Al (Triticum aestivum L.) et d'un blé dur sensible à l'Al (Triticum durum Desf.). Les semis ont été effectués en culture hydroponique à un pH de 4.1 avec différents niveaux d'Al et de Si. L'accroissement des niveaux d'Al (0 à 100 $\mu$M) dans la solution a réduit la croissance des racines, alors que la croissance des tiges n'était pas influencée excepté pour le blé dur dans les expériences de 7 jours. Le Si dans les solutions nutritives a permis aux plantes d'échapper aux symptômes de la toxicité de l'Al. Les semis de blé dur ses ont montré être plus sensibles au traitement à l'Al et Si. Dans les expériences d'absorption à court-terme (6 heures), le Si a réduit l'effet stimulant de l'Al sur le prélèvement de K$^+$($^{86}$Rb) par les racines qui indiquaient une interaction définie Al-Si principalement dans les racines. Dans les expériences de pré-traitement avec Si à long terme (4 jours) aucun effet remanant n'a été détecté

Intraoperative transfusion practices in Europe

Transfusion of allogeneic blood influences outcome after surgery. Despite widespread availability of transfusion guidelines, transfusion practices might vary among physicians, departments, hospitals and countries. Our aim was to determine the amount of packed red blood cells (pRBC) and blood products transfused intraoperatively, and to describe factors determining transfusion throughout Europe. We did a prospective observational cohort study enrolling 5803 patients in 126 European centres that received at least one pRBC unit intraoperatively, during a continuous three month period in 2013. The overall intraoperative transfusion rate was 1.8%; 59% of transfusions were at least partially initiated as a result of a physiological transfusion trigger- mostly because of hypotension (55.4%) and/or tachycardia (30.7%). Haemoglobin (Hb)- based transfusion trigger alone initiated only 8.5% of transfusions. The Hb concentration [mean (sd)] just before transfusion was 8.1 (1.7) g dl and increased to 9.8 (1.8) g dl after transfusion. The mean number of intraoperatively transfused pRBC units was 2.5 (2.7) units (median 2). Although European Society of Anaesthesiology transfusion guidelines are moderately implemented in Europe with respect to Hb threshold for transfusion (7-9 g dl), there is still an urgent need for further educational efforts that focus on the number of pRBC units to be transfused at this threshold

Fungal diversity notes 1387–1511: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 125 taxa from four phyla, ten classes, 31 orders, 69 families, 92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated, demonstrating worldwide and geographic distribution. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera, 69 new species, one new combination, one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions. Three new genera, Cylindrotorula (Torulaceae), Scolecoleotia (Leotiales genus incertae sedis) and Xenovaginatispora (Lindomycetaceae) are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies. Newly described species are Aspergillus lannaensis, Cercophora dulciaquae, Cladophialophora aquatica, Coprinellus punjabensis, Cortinarius alutarius, C. mammillatus, C. quercoflocculosus, Coryneum fagi, Cruentomycena uttarakhandina, Cryptocoryneum rosae, Cyathus uniperidiolus, Cylindrotorula indica, Diaporthe chamaeropicola, Didymella azollae, Diplodia alanphillipsii, Dothiora coronicola, Efibula rodriguezarmasiae, Erysiphe salicicola, Fusarium queenslandicum, Geastrum gorgonicum, G. hansagiense, Helicosporium sexualis, Helminthosporium chiangraiensis, Hongkongmyces kokensis, Hydrophilomyces hydraenae, Hygrocybe boertmannii, Hyphoderma australosetigerum, Hyphodontia yunnanensis, Khaleijomyces umikazeana, Laboulbenia divisa, Laboulbenia triarthronis, Laccaria populina, Lactarius pallidozonarius, Lepidosphaeria strobelii, Longipedicellata megafusiformis, Lophiotrema lincangensis, Marasmius benghalensis, M. jinfoshanensis, M. subtropicus, Mariannaea camelliae, Melanographium smilaxii, Microbotryum polycnemoides, Mimeomyces digitatus, Minutisphaera thailandensis, Mortierella solitaria, Mucor harpali, Nigrograna jinghongensis, Odontia huanrenensis, O. parvispina, Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii, Parafuscosporella niloticus, Phaeocytostroma yomensis, Phaeoisaria synnematicus, Phanerochaete hainanensis, Pleopunctum thailandicum, Pleurotheciella dimorphospora, Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense, Pseudodactylaria albicolonia, Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora, Russula paravioleipes, Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi, Seriascoma honghense, Synandromyces makranczyi, Thyridaria aureobrunnea, Torula lancangjiangensis, Tubeufia longihelicospora, Wicklowia fusiformispora, Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora. One new combination, Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is proposed. A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated. New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici, Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis, Camarosporidiella laburni, Canalisporium caribense, Chaetoscutula juniperi, Chlorophyllum demangei, C. globosum, C. hortense, Cladophialophora abundans, Dendryphion hydei, Diaporthe foeniculina, D. pseudophoenicicola, D. pyracanthae, Dictyosporium pandanicola, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Ernakulamia tanakae, Eutypa flavovirens, E. lata, Favolus septatus, Fusarium atrovinosum, F. clavum, Helicosporium luteosporum, Hermatomyces nabanheensis, Hermatomyces sphaericoides, Longipedicellata aquatica, Lophiostoma caudata, L. clematidis-vitalbae, Lophiotrema hydei, L. neoarundinaria, Marasmiellus palmivorus, Megacapitula villosa, Micropsalliota globocystis, M. gracilis, Montagnula thailandica, Neohelicosporium irregulare, N. parisporum, Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum, Phaeoisaria aquatica, Poaceascoma taiwanense, Saproamanita manicata, Spegazzinia camelliae, Submersispora variabilis, Thyronectria caudata, T. mackenziei, Tubeufia chiangmaiensis, T. roseohelicospora, Vaginatispora nypae, Wicklowia submersa, Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis. The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens, coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships